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          情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有哪些 用法是什么

          Ai高考 · 高中英語
          2021-10-12
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          情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(Modal verbs)本身有一定的詞義,表示語氣的單詞。但是不能獨(dú)立作謂語,只能和動(dòng)詞原形一起構(gòu)成謂語。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用在行為動(dòng)詞前,表示說話人對(duì)這一動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的看法或主觀設(shè)想。

          英語中情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有什么

          情態(tài)動(dòng)詞(Modal verbs)本身有一定的詞義,但是不能獨(dú)立作謂語,只能和動(dòng)詞原形一起構(gòu)成謂語。英語中的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有十三個(gè):

          may, might; can, could; will, would; shall, should; must, need, dare, used to, ought to.

          ·情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的語法特征

          1) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 不能單獨(dú)做謂語,除ought 和have 外,后面只能接不帶to 的不定式。

          2) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒有人稱,數(shù)的變化,但有些情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,如can、will也有一般式和過去式的變化。

          3) 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的“時(shí)態(tài)”形式并不是時(shí)間區(qū)別的主要標(biāo)志,不少情況下,情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在式形式和過去式形式都可用來表示現(xiàn)在時(shí)間、過去時(shí)間和將來時(shí)間。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞屬不及物動(dòng)詞,故沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)。

          情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法口訣:

          動(dòng)詞原形接后面,說話語氣較委婉。can" 能力"may"許可",must"責(zé)任"或"義務(wù)",否定回答needn’t換。"需要"need, dare"敢"。should"應(yīng)該",would"愿",have to"被迫"表客觀。

          can, could 和be able to的用法

          1.can, be able to都可表示“能力”

          Can的主語是人或物,be able to的主語是人

          She can/be able to sing the song in English.

          This machine can make you feel comfortable.

          2.can只用于現(xiàn)在式和過去式(could)。be able to可以用于各種時(shí)態(tài)。

          We’ll be able to finish the work soon.

          I haven’t been able to see the film.

          could用于表示泛指過去的能力。如:

          I could read when I was four.

          Although the soldier was badly wounded, he was able to tell what had happened.

          She ran fast but she couldn’t /wasn’t able to catch the bus.

          3.表示特定的某一過去能力或表示成功地做了某事時(shí),只能用was/were able to, 不能用could。

          He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out.

          He was able to swim halfway before he got tired.

          4.could不表示時(shí)態(tài) ,表示委婉的請(qǐng)求,(注意在回答中不可用could)常用來表示請(qǐng)求別人幫助或?qū)﹂L(zhǎng)輩的請(qǐng)求。

          Could I have a look at your notebook?

          Yes, you can./No, you can't.

          (在作否定回答時(shí),要注意:在拒絕長(zhǎng)輩的請(qǐng)求時(shí),不能用can not,這樣顯得語氣太過生硬,不禮貌。但是在長(zhǎng)輩拒絕晚輩的請(qǐng)求是可以用can not的。)

          5.表示“驚異,懷疑,不相信”的態(tài)度(主要用于否定句,疑問句和感嘆句中)

          Can this news be true?

          How can you be so foolish?

          It can’t be Mary. She has fallen ill.

          6.表示推測(cè),譯為“可能、或許”,can常用于否定句(意思是"不可能已經(jīng)")和疑問句;could除用于否定句及疑問句外,還可用于肯定句(意思是"那時(shí)可能;本來可以")。

          Linda didn’t catch the train. She could have caught it.

          Don't worry. They could have just forgotten to phone.

          may和might

          1. may和might 用于一般問句中表示委婉的請(qǐng)求,肯定回答用may,否定用mustn’t

          ---May I use your pencil?

          ---Yes, you may./ No, you mustn’t.

          2. may和might表示“可能性”, may/might + v 指現(xiàn)在或?qū)砜赡馨l(fā)生的動(dòng)作情況。might暗示的可能性更小

          She may not be working now. John might be at home now.

          3.對(duì)過去發(fā)生的事情的可能性作出判斷用may/might have done,用might比用may的可能性更小

          She may/might have gone to the cinema.

          They may/might not have received our telephone.

          4.may 放在句首祈使句,表示祝愿。

          May you succeed! May God bless you!

          Will 和 would

          1.will和would表示意愿、意志,可用于各種人稱

          If you will help me with my English, I will be very happy.

          I promised that I would do my best.

          2.在疑問句中,will用于第二人稱,表示請(qǐng)求或征求意見,would則語氣更委婉

          Will you tell him the news as soon as he comes back?

          Would you please speak again more slowly?

          shall ,should 和ought to

          1.shall用于第二、三人稱表示允諾、警告、命令、決心等。

          You shall do as I say. (命令)

          Tell him that he shall have the book tomorrow. (允諾)

          Nothing shall stop me doing it. (決心)

          2.在疑問句中,用于第一、三人稱,用來表示請(qǐng)求或征求意見。

          Shall I open the window for you?(征求意見)

          Shall he fetch some water for you?(請(qǐng)求)

          3. should常表示勸告、建議、命令,與ought to意義相近,但ought to多表示責(zé)任、義務(wù),語氣強(qiáng)烈。在疑問句中通常用should代替ought to。

          Young people should learn how to use computers. Every citizen ought to obey law. You ought not to go.

          4.should/ought to have done表示責(zé)備或批評(píng),意為“本應(yīng)該做到…但沒有做到…”,用于否定則表示“本不該…但”ought to的語氣更強(qiáng)烈.

          You should/ought to have told her the truth earlier.

          She shouldn’t have left without saying a word.

          must 和have to

          1.Must用于一般問句中,肯定回答用must否定式用 needn’t或don’t have to,做 “不必”,mustn’t表示“禁止,不允許”

          — Must I finish all assignments at a time?

          —Yes, you must.

          No, you needn't.

          You mustn’t get down while the car is still moving.

          2.表示“必須”這個(gè)意思時(shí),must 和have to 稍有區(qū)別。must著重說明主觀看法,have to 強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀需要。另外,have to 能用于更多時(shí)態(tài)。

          I don’t like this TV set. We must buy a new one. There was no more bus. They had to walk home.

          3.must表示對(duì)某人某事的猜測(cè), 作“準(zhǔn)是”,“一定” ,一般用于肯定句中。對(duì)過去發(fā)生的事情作肯定判斷用must have done

          You must be the new teacher.

          He must be joking. There is nobody here. They must have all gone home.

          4. Must表示“偏要,硬要”,指做令人不快的事情

          He must come and worry her with question, just when she was busy cooking the dinner. Of course,after I gave her my advice,she must go and do the opposite。

          情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的用法

          首先它是動(dòng)詞,而且不同于行為動(dòng)詞,行為動(dòng)詞表示的是可以通過行為來表達(dá)的動(dòng)作(如寫,讀,跑),而情態(tài)動(dòng)詞只是表達(dá)的一種想法(如能,也許,敢)。

          用法是:情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+行為動(dòng)詞原形

          例句:I can read this sentence in English.

          我能用英語讀這句話。

          情態(tài)動(dòng)詞是一種本身有一定的詞義,表示說話人的情緒,態(tài)度或語氣的動(dòng)詞,但不能單獨(dú)作謂語,只能和其他動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成謂語。

          We can be there on time tomorrow.我們明天能按時(shí)去那兒。

          May I have your name? 我能知道你的名字嗎?

          Shall we begin now?我們現(xiàn)在就開始嗎?

          You must obey the school rules.你必須遵守校規(guī)。

          情態(tài)動(dòng)詞數(shù)量不多,但用途廣泛,主要有下列:

          can (could),may (might),must,need,ought to,dare (dared),shall (should),will (would),have,had better.

          情態(tài)動(dòng)詞還有一個(gè)很重要的用法,即情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表推測(cè)——

          用法小結(jié)

          (一)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表推測(cè)的三種句式

          1.在肯定句中一般用must (一定),could(可能),might /may(也許,或許)。

          e.g:(1)He must/can/may,might know the answer to this question.

          他一定/可能/也許知道這個(gè)問題的答案。

          (2)It is cold in the room. They must have turned off the heating.

          屋里很冷,他們肯定把暖氣關(guān)了。

          2.否定句中用can’t / couldn’t(不可能),may not/might not(可能不)。

          e.g:(1)It can’t/couldn’t be the headmaster. He has gone to America.

          這不可能是校長(zhǎng),他去美國(guó)了。

          (2)He may not/might not know the scientist.

          他也許不認(rèn)識(shí)那位科學(xué)家。

          3.疑問句中用can/could (能……?)。

          e.g:(1).Could he have finished the task?

          他可能把任務(wù)完成了嗎?

          (2).Can he be at home now?

          他現(xiàn)在能在家嗎?

          注:以上三種句式中情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的語氣按程度都是依次遞減的。Might,could并非may,can的過去式,而表示語氣較為委婉或可能性較小。

          (二)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞表推測(cè)的三種時(shí)態(tài)

          1.對(duì)將來情況的推測(cè),用“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + 動(dòng)詞原形”。

          e.g:(1).She must / may / might / could arrive before 5.

          5:00前她一定/可能/也許到。

          (2).She must/may/might/could walk miles and miles among the hills without meeting anyone.

          她一定/可能/也許會(huì)在山里一連走好幾英里而遇不到一個(gè)人。

          2.對(duì)現(xiàn)在或一般情況的推測(cè),用“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + be”,“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 +be doing”或“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + 動(dòng)詞原形”。

          e.g:(1).He must / may / might / could be listening to the radio now.

          他一定/可能/也許正在聽收音機(jī)。

          (2).He can’t ( couldn’t ) / may ( might ) not be at home at this time.

          這個(gè)時(shí)候他不可能/可能不在家。

          (3).Mr. Bush is on time for everything .How can ( could ) he be late for the opening ceremony

          布什先生一向準(zhǔn)時(shí),這次開幕式他怎么可能遲到呢?

          3.對(duì)過去情況的推測(cè),用“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + have +過去分詞”。

          e.g:(1).It must / may / might / could have rained last night .The ground is wet.

          地濕了,昨晚肯定/可能/也許下雨了。

          (2).The door was locked. He can ( could ) not / may ( might ) not have been at home .

          門鎖著,他不可能/可能不在家。

          (3).Can / Could he have gotten the book?

          難道他找到書了嗎?

          注:情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 should /ought to表推測(cè)時(shí),意為“想必會(huì),理應(yīng)……”但與“have +過去分詞”連用時(shí),則又可構(gòu)成虛擬語氣意為“本應(yīng)該做某事卻沒做”。例如:

          (4).It’s seven o’clock. Jack should/ought to be here at any moment.

          現(xiàn)在七點(diǎn)鐘了,杰克理應(yīng)隨時(shí)到達(dá)。(推測(cè))

          (5).She should / ought to have attended your birthday party,but she had to look after her mother in hospital. (虛擬)

          她本該出席你的生日晚會(huì)的,可是她得在醫(yī)院照顧她媽媽。

          (6).Tom should not /ought not to have told me your secret,but he meant no harm. (虛擬)

          湯姆本不該告訴我你的秘密,可是他并無惡意。

          can 和could 表 推測(cè)

          對(duì)現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼耐茰y(cè),兩者均可用,但can 通常只用于否定句或疑問句中,一般不用于肯定句,而could則可用于肯定句、否定句和疑問句;對(duì)過去的推測(cè),應(yīng)在 can,could 之后接動(dòng)詞的完成式,且此時(shí)can仍只用于否定句或疑問句,不用于肯定句;而could 則可用于各種句型。如:

          Can [Could] this be true? 這能是真的嗎

          Where can [could] he have gone? 他能到哪里去了呢

          She can’t [couldn’t] have left so soon. 她不可能走得這么早。

          He could have gone home. 他可能已回家了。

          注:could后接動(dòng)詞的完成式,除表示對(duì)過去的推測(cè)外,還可表示過去沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性(即某事本來可以發(fā)生,卻沒發(fā)生),或委婉地責(zé)備某人過去應(yīng)該做某事而沒有去做(此時(shí)不用can)。如:

          You could have started a little earlier. 你本可早點(diǎn)動(dòng)身的。

          You needn’t have cooked it. We could have eaten it raw. 你其實(shí)可以不煮熟(它),我們(本來)可以生吃。

          can 和could 表 允許

          表示現(xiàn)在的允許時(shí),若是請(qǐng)求別人允許自己做某事,兩者均可用,但用could 語氣更委婉;若是自己允許別人做某事,一般只用 can,而不用 could。如:

          Can [Could] I come in? 我可以進(jìn)來嗎

          “Could [Can] I use your pen? ” “Yes,of course you can.” “我可以借用你的鋼筆嗎?”“當(dāng)然可以?!保ú荒苷fYes,you could.)

          表示過去的允許時(shí),若表示過去一般性允許(即表示某人隨時(shí)都可以做某事),用could;若表示在過去某一特定情況下允許進(jìn)行某一特定的活動(dòng),則不用 could。如:

          When I lived at home,I could watch TV whenever I wanted to. 我住在家里時(shí),想什么時(shí)候看電影就可以什么時(shí)候看。(一般性允許)

          I was allowed to see the film yesterday evening. 昨天晚上允許我去看了電影。(特定的允許,不能用 could)

          can 和could 表 能力

          can 表示現(xiàn)在的能力,could 表示過去的能力,要表示將來具備的能力通常 be able to 的將來時(shí)態(tài)。其中要注意的是,could 表示過去的能力,通常只用于表示過去一般性能力,而不表示過去具體某次特定情形下能夠做某事的能力。如:

          他學(xué)習(xí)很努力,所以考試能及格。

          誤:He studied hard and could pass the exam.

          正:He studied hard and was able to pass the exam.

          注:若在否定句中沒有以上限制,即couldn’t 可表示過去特定情況下的能力,如可說 He studied hard but still couldn’t pass the exam.

          口訣:情態(tài)動(dòng)詞兩特點(diǎn)

          動(dòng)詞原形接后面,說話語氣較委婉。can" 能力"may"許可",must"責(zé)任"或"義務(wù)"。否定回答needn’t換,"需要"need, dare"敢"。should"應(yīng)該",would"愿",have to"被迫"表客觀。

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