學(xué)習(xí)構(gòu)詞法基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)也是非常有好處的，那就是它可以使我們能夠輕松認(rèn)識(shí)更多單詞，以一種巧妙的方式擴(kuò)大詞匯量，短期內(nèi)記住更多的單詞。今天一起來學(xué)習(xí)構(gòu)詞法的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)吧！

英語(yǔ)中的構(gòu)詞法主要有三種，即轉(zhuǎn)化法、合成法和派生法。

一. 轉(zhuǎn)化法

在英語(yǔ)中，一個(gè)單詞由一種詞性轉(zhuǎn)化為另一種或幾種詞性而詞形不變的方法叫做轉(zhuǎn)化法。

1. 動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞

●Let me have atry.

讓我試試。

●They are only allowed to sell softdrinksat school.

在學(xué)校里只準(zhǔn)許他們出售不含酒精的飲料。

2. 名詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞

●Heshoulderedhis way through the crowd.

他用肩膀推開人群前進(jìn)。

●The smell from the kitchen made his mouthwater.

從廚房傳來的氣味使他流口水。

3. 形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為動(dòng)詞

●We will try our best tobetterour living conditions.

我們要盡力改善我們的生活狀況。

●They tried toperfectthe working conditions.

他們努力改善工作條件。

4. 形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞

●He didn’t know the difference betweenrightandwrong.

他不辨是非。

●Theoldin our village are living a happy life.

我們村的老年人過著幸福的生活。

5. 形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為副詞

●Howlonghave you lived there?

你在那兒住多久了？

6. 個(gè)別詞在一定場(chǎng)合中可轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞

●Warm clothes are amustin the mountains.

穿暖和的衣服到山區(qū)去是必須的。

●Life is full ofupsanddowns.

人生有得意時(shí)也有失意時(shí)。

●His argument contains too manyifsandbuts.

他的辯論中含有太多的“如果”和“但是”。

二. 合成法

由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的單詞連在一起合成一個(gè)新詞，這種構(gòu)詞法叫做合成法，合成的詞叫做合成詞。合成詞一般看其詞，知其意。

1. 合成名詞

●名詞/代詞+名詞 newspaper blood-test she-wolf

●動(dòng)詞+名詞 typewriter pickpocket daybreak

●形容詞+名詞 greenhouse highway

●副詞+名詞 overcoat outside

●名詞+v.-ing/v.-ing +名詞 handwriting reading-room freezing-point

●動(dòng)詞+副詞/ 副詞+ 動(dòng)詞 breakthrough get-together outbreak outcome

●名詞+介詞+名詞 sister-in-law editor-in-chief

2. 合成形容詞

●名詞+形容詞/形容詞+名詞 world-famous duty-free large-scale long- term

●副詞+形容詞 over-anxious evergreen

●名詞+過去分詞 man-made sun-burnt

●名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞 peace-loving English-speaking

●形容詞+現(xiàn)在分詞 good-looking easy-going

●副詞+過去分詞 well-informed widespread

●副詞+現(xiàn)在分詞 hardworking far-reaching

●形容詞+名詞+ed warm-hearted absent-minded

●數(shù)詞+名詞+ed three-legged ten-storied

●數(shù)詞+名詞 one-way five–star

●數(shù)詞+名詞+形容詞 ten-year-old 800-meter-long

●名詞+to+名詞 face –to-face door - to -door

3. 合成動(dòng)詞

●名詞+動(dòng)詞 baby-sit sleepwalk

●副詞+動(dòng)詞 outnumber underestimate overwork

●形容詞+動(dòng)詞 whitewash

4. 合成副詞

●形容詞＋名詞 meanwhile anyway

●形容詞＋副詞 everywhere anyhow

●副詞＋副詞 however

●介詞＋名詞 beforehand overhead

●介詞＋副詞 forever

5. 合成代詞

●代詞賓格＋self/selves herself themselves

●物主代詞＋self/selves myself yourselves

●形容詞＋名詞 anything nothing

6. 合成介詞

●副詞＋名詞 inside outside

●介詞＋副詞 without within

●副詞＋介詞 into

三. 派生法

由一個(gè)詞加上前綴或后綴構(gòu)成一個(gè)與原單詞意義相近或截然相反的新詞叫做派生法。

1. 前綴

除少數(shù)前綴外，前綴一般改變單詞的意義，但不改變單詞的詞性。

（1）表示否定意義的前綴

●un- unhappy unfinished undress

●dis- disagree disbelieve

●in- [il-(在字母l前)，im- (在字母m,b,p前)，ir- (在字母r前)] inaccurate illegal impolite imbalance irregular

●mis- misbehave mislead mistake

●non- nonstop nonsmoker

（2）表示其他意義的前綴

●en- “使……”enrich enlarge encourage

●inter- “相互”international intercontinental

●re- “再，又，重”rethink retell recycle

●tele- “遠(yuǎn)程的”telescope telephone telegraph

●auto- “自動(dòng)的”automatic automobile

●co- “共同”coworker cooperate coexist

●anti- “反對(duì)，抵抗”antiwar antifreeze antinuclear

●multi- “多”multistory multicultural multicolor

●bi- “雙，二”bicycle bilingual bilateral

●micro- “極小的，微小的”microwave microcomputer

●over- “太多，過分”overwork overdo overestimate

●self- “自己，本身”self-centered self-confident self-control

●under- “在……下面，……下的，不足的”underline, underground, underestimate, underrate

2. 后綴

（1）形容詞后綴

●-able “可……的，具有……的”acceptable drinkable knowledgeable reasonable

●-al “與……有關(guān)的”physical, magical, political

●-an “屬于某地方的人”American African

●-ern “方向”southern, northern, eastern

●-ful/ less “（沒）有……的”helpful, useful, homeless, hopeless

●-ish “如……的；有……特征的”foolish childish selfish

●-ive “有……傾向的”active attractive expensive

●-en “由……制成的”golden wooden woolen

●-ous “有（性質(zhì)）的”famous, dangerous, poisonous

●-ly “有……性質(zhì)的”friendly yearly daily

●-y “構(gòu)成形容詞”noisy dusty cloudy

（2）名詞后綴

●-er / or “表人或用具”farmer, baker, visitor, professor, cooker, container

●-ese “某國(guó)（人）的”Chinese, Japanese

●-ian “某國(guó)、某地人；精通……的人”musician, Asian, Russian, technician

●-ist “某種主義或職業(yè)者”physicist, scientist, communist，socialist

●-ess “表女性，雌性”hostess, actress, princess

●-ment “行為或其狀態(tài)”government, movement, achievement

●-ness “性質(zhì)，狀態(tài)”illness, sadness, carelessness

●-tion “動(dòng)作，過程，結(jié)果”invention, organization, translation

●-ance/ ence “抽象；行為、性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)”importance, appearance, absence, existence

●-th “性質(zhì)、情況” depth, warmth, truth

●-ful “（滿的）量”handful, spoonful, mouthful

●-(a)bility “抽象、性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)”possibility, disability, reliability

●-al “過程、狀態(tài)”survival, arrival, approval

●-y “性質(zhì)、情況”modesty, delivery, honesty

●-dom “處于……狀態(tài)；性質(zhì)”freedom, boredom

●-age “狀態(tài)，行為，身份及其結(jié)果”courage, storage, marriage

（3）動(dòng)詞后綴

●-fy / ify “使得；變得”simplify, beautify, purify

●-en “使成為；變得”shorten, deepen, sadden

●-ize “使成為”apologize, realize, specialize

（4）副詞后綴

●-ly “方式，程度”freely, truly, angrily

●-ward(s) “向……”towards, forward, upwards

（5）數(shù)詞后綴

●-teen “十幾” fourteen, eighteen, thirteen

●-ty “整十位數(shù)” forty, fifty, sixty

●-th “序數(shù)詞” twelfth, twentieth