英語中動(dòng)詞共有16種時(shí)態(tài),它們分別如下:
1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)am, is, are, do, does
2. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)am/is/are doing
3. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)have/has done
4. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)have/has been doing
5. 一般將來時(shí)will/shall do
6. 將來進(jìn)行時(shí)will/shall be doing
7. 將來完成時(shí)will/shall have done
8. 將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)will/shall have been doing
9. 一般過去時(shí)was, were, did, v-ed
10. 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)was/were doing
11. 過去完成時(shí)had done
12. 過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)had been doing
13. 過去將來時(shí)would/should do
14. 過去將來進(jìn)行時(shí)would/should be doing
15. 過去將來完成時(shí)would/should have done
16. 過去將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)would/should have been doing
下面對常用的10種時(shí)態(tài)作簡要概述。
1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
1) 表示經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作;表示現(xiàn)在的狀態(tài)、特征和真理。句中常用often, usually, every day等時(shí)間狀語。
2) 在時(shí)間狀語從句和條件狀語從句中,用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來。
3) 有時(shí)該時(shí)態(tài)可表示按計(jì)劃、規(guī)定要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,句中都帶有時(shí)間狀語,但限于少數(shù)動(dòng)詞。如:begin, come, leave, go, arrive, start, stop, return, open, close 等。例如 :
He goes to school every day.
If you come this afternoon, we’ll have a meeting.
2. 一般過去時(shí)
1) 表示過去某時(shí)間發(fā)生的事、存在的狀態(tài)或過去反復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
2) 表示過去經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,也可用“used to”和“would +動(dòng)詞原形”。
注意:used to表示過去常發(fā)生而現(xiàn)在不再發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。另外“be used to + 名詞或動(dòng)名詞”表示“習(xí)慣于……”。例如:
He worked in a factory in 1986.
I used to smoke when I was a college freshman.
3. 一般將來時(shí)
一般將來時(shí)表示將來的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),其表達(dá)形式除了“will或 shall+動(dòng)詞原形”外,還有以下幾種形式。
1) “be going to+動(dòng)詞原形”,表示即將發(fā)生的或最近打算進(jìn)行的事。例如:
We are going to have a meeting today.
2) go, come, start, move, sail, leave, arrive 等詞可用進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)表示按計(jì)劃即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作;有時(shí)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)也可表示將來。例如:
I’m leaving for Beijing.
3) “be to+動(dòng)詞原形”表示按計(jì)劃要發(fā)生的事或征求對方意見。例如:
The boy is to go to school tomorrow.
4) “ be about to+動(dòng)詞原形”表示即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。例如:
We are about to leave.
4. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,由“be+現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成,另外“系動(dòng)詞+介詞或副詞”也表示進(jìn)行時(shí)的意義。例如:
What are you doing?
The bridge is under construction.
5. 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)
過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去某一時(shí)刻、某一階段正進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,由“was/were+現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成。例如:
He was reading a novel when I came in.
6. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)由“have十過去分詞”構(gòu)成。其使用有以下情況:
1) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)所表示的動(dòng)作在說話之前已完成,而對現(xiàn)在有影響。句中沒有具體時(shí)間狀語。例如:
He has gone to Fuzhou. (說話人認(rèn)為他不在該地)
He has been to Fuzhou. (說話人認(rèn)為他在該地)
2) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)所表示的動(dòng)作開始于過去,持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,也許還會(huì)持續(xù)下去。常用 for 或 since 表示一段時(shí)間的狀語或 so far, now, today, this week/month/year 等表示包括現(xiàn)在時(shí)間在內(nèi)的狀語。例如:
He has studied English for 5 years.
He has studied English since 1985.
注意:表示短暫時(shí)間動(dòng)作的詞,如 come, go, die, marry, buy 等的完成時(shí)不能與 for,since 等表示一段時(shí)間的詞連用。
3) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)還可用在時(shí)間和條件狀語從句中,表示將來某時(shí)完成的動(dòng)作。例如:
I’ll go to your home when I have finished my homework.
7. 過去完成時(shí)
l) 過去完成時(shí)由“had+過去分詞”構(gòu)成。過去完成時(shí)的動(dòng)詞表示過去某一時(shí)刻或某一動(dòng)作之前完成的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。句中常用 by, before, until, when 等詞引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語。例如:
By the end of last year we had built five new houses.
2) 過去完成時(shí)的動(dòng)詞還可表示過去某一時(shí)刻之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)持續(xù)到過去某個(gè)時(shí)間或持續(xù)下去。例如:
Before he slept, he had worked for 12 hours.
8. 將來完成時(shí)
主要用來表示,在未來某一時(shí)間會(huì)業(yè)已完成的動(dòng)作。在含這一時(shí)態(tài)的句子里,常以短語或句子來交代這個(gè)"將來時(shí)間"。例如:
By this time next year he will have graduated from college.
明年的這個(gè)時(shí)候他已大學(xué)畢業(yè)了。
I hope that I will have finished this article before you come tomorrow.
我希望在你明天來之前我已完成了這篇文章。
By the end of November I shall have accomplished the composition of this book.
十一月底我將已寫完這本書。
They will have got home by now .
他們這時(shí)可能已經(jīng)到家了。
9. 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)由“have(has)+ been+現(xiàn)在分詞”構(gòu)成,表示現(xiàn)在以前一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。有些詞,如 work, study, live, teach 等用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)與用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)意思差不多。例如:I have worked here for three years.
I have been working here for three years.
但多數(shù)動(dòng)詞在這兩種時(shí)態(tài)中表示不同意思。例如:
I have written a letter. (已寫完)
I have been writing a letter. (還在寫)
注意:表示短暫動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞,如 finish, marry, get up, come, go 等不能用這種時(shí)態(tài)。
10. 過去將來時(shí)
過去將來時(shí)表示從過去的某一時(shí)間看將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。過去將來時(shí)常用在賓語從句中,且主句必須是一般過去時(shí)。例如:
We asked him where we should go to work next week.
我們問他我們下周上哪兒去勞動(dòng)。又如:
They wanted to know when you would finish the article.
他們想知道你什么時(shí)候?qū)懲赀@篇文章。
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