定語(yǔ)從句Attributive clause
定語(yǔ):由單詞、短語(yǔ)或從句對(duì)名(代)詞修飾和限制,該名(代) 詞稱為中心詞。定語(yǔ)一般前置,短語(yǔ)和從句作定語(yǔ)要后置,翻譯 成“……的”。除了形容詞,名詞、數(shù)詞、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(短語(yǔ))、介詞短語(yǔ)也可以作定語(yǔ)。
a beautiful girl(形容詞作前置定語(yǔ))一個(gè)美麗的女孩
a girl in white(介詞短語(yǔ)作后置定語(yǔ))一個(gè)穿白色衣服的女孩
a girl who is singing(定語(yǔ)從句,a girl為先行詞)一個(gè)正唱歌的女孩
定語(yǔ)從句:用來(lái)說(shuō)明主句中某一名詞或代詞(有時(shí)也可說(shuō)明整個(gè)主 句或主句中的一部分)而起定語(yǔ)作用的句子稱為定語(yǔ)從句。定語(yǔ)從句也 稱為形容詞性從句。定語(yǔ)從句分為限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句兩種。限制性定語(yǔ)從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分,去掉從句后,主句意思往往不明確。
A man who doesn’t learn from others can’t achieve much.
一個(gè)不向別人學(xué)習(xí)的人是不會(huì)有多少成就的。(A man被限定后,指一類(lèi)特定的人,此時(shí)定語(yǔ)從句是不能去掉的,否則主句就失去意義,含義不清,甚至讓人感到莫名其妙。)
非限制性定語(yǔ)從句則不然,它只對(duì)所修飾的詞做進(jìn)一步的說(shuō)明,去 掉之后并不影響主句的含義。在形式上,非限制性定語(yǔ)從句與主句之間通常用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。
Finally we visited the Three Gorges Dam, which is the greatest key water control project in the world at present.
最后,我們參觀了長(zhǎng)江三峽大壩,它是目前世界上最大的水利樞紐工程。(該句若去掉從句,主句部 分的含義仍然完整。)
另外,非限制性定語(yǔ)從句還能將整個(gè)主句作為先行詞,對(duì)其進(jìn)行修 飾,這時(shí)從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)。
The traffic of this city is quite bad, which is known to everyone.
這座城市的交通很糟糕,這一點(diǎn)大家都知道。
一、定語(yǔ)從句的常見(jiàn)引導(dǎo)詞
定語(yǔ)從句中的引導(dǎo)詞稱為關(guān)系詞,分為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。
關(guān)系詞 先行詞所指 所作成分
關(guān)系 that 人/物 主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)
which 事/物 主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)
代詞 who 人 主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)
whom 人 賓語(yǔ)
whose 人/物 定語(yǔ)
關(guān)系 when 時(shí)間 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)
副詞 where 地點(diǎn) 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)
why 原因 原因狀語(yǔ)
注意:
① 定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要與先行詞的人稱和數(shù)保持一致。
Tom is one of the boys who are from the USA.
湯姆是眾多來(lái)自美國(guó)的男孩中的一個(gè)。
Tom is the only boy that is from the USA.
湯姆是唯一從美國(guó)來(lái)的男孩。
② that只引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句。
③ what不能引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。
④ 在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中,當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞who, whom, which和that 用作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)或介詞賓語(yǔ)(介詞位于句末)時(shí),可以省略。關(guān)系詞在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中不能省略。
Is there anything(that)you wanted? 你想要什么東西嗎?
Who is the man, whom you were talking to?
剛才和你講話的人是誰(shuí)?
二、that, which,who,whom,whose,as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
關(guān)系代詞主要有that, who, whom, whose, which, as等,其中who和whom只用于指人,which和as只用于指事物,whose和that既可用于指人也可用于指物,它們?cè)诙ㄕZ(yǔ)從句中可用作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)。
1、 關(guān)系代詞who/whom 關(guān)系代詞who/whom指人,在定語(yǔ)從句中分別作主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)。
The man who lives in that house is my uncle.
住在那座房子里的人是我叔叔。(who指人,在從句中作主語(yǔ))
The girl(whom)the teacher often praises is our monitor.
老師經(jīng)常表?yè)P(yáng)的那個(gè)女孩是我們的班長(zhǎng)。
Peter, whom you met in London, is now back in Paris.
彼得現(xiàn)在回巴黎了,你在倫敦見(jiàn)過(guò)他。
注意關(guān)系代詞whom 在口語(yǔ)或非正式文體中??捎脀ho來(lái)代替。
The man(whom/who)you met just now is my old friend.
你剛才見(jiàn)到的那位男士是我的老朋友。
2、關(guān)系代詞which 關(guān)系代詞which指物,在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。
The book which cost me a lot of money is very interesting.
我花很多錢(qián)買(mǎi)來(lái)的那本書(shū)很有趣。
My sister likes the gift(which)I gave her yesterday.
妹妹喜歡我昨天送她的禮物。
European football is played in 80 countries, which makes it one of themost popular sports in the world.
有80個(gè)國(guó)家在踢歐式足球,這使它成為全世界最流行的體育運(yùn)動(dòng)之一。
3、 關(guān)系代詞that 關(guān)系代詞that 指人時(shí),相當(dāng)于who 或whom;指物時(shí),相當(dāng)于 which,在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。
The bag that(=which)lies on the ground is hers.
地上的那個(gè)包是她的。
The old man that(=whom/who)I visited yesterday is my teacher.
我昨天拜訪的那位老人是我的老師。
4、關(guān)系代詞whose 關(guān)系代詞whose通常指人,也可指物,在定語(yǔ)從句中作定語(yǔ)。
I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the country.
我拜訪了一位全國(guó)知名的科學(xué)家。
I once lived in the house whose roof has fallen in.
我曾經(jīng)住在那幢屋頂已經(jīng)倒塌了的房子里。
注意:指人或物時(shí),常用of whom/of which結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)代替:
Do you know the doctor, whose son is a doctor too? =Do you know the doctor, the son of whom/of whom the son is a doctor too?
你認(rèn)識(shí)那位醫(yī)生嗎?他的兒子也是一名醫(yī)生。
There is a church, whose door faces south. =There is a church, the door of which/of which thedoor faces south.
有一座教堂,窗戶朝南。
5、 as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
(1)as引導(dǎo)的限制性定語(yǔ)從句:as引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),它通常要與such, the same, as搭配,即構(gòu) 成such... as..., the same... as..., as... as... 這樣的固定搭配,同時(shí)as在從句中 充當(dāng)一定的句子成分。
He is not such a fool as he looks.
他并不像看上去那樣愚蠢。
He rides as expensive a bike as he can afford.
他騎一輛他買(mǎi)得起的最 貴的自行車(chē)。
I have bought the same watch as you have.
我買(mǎi)了一塊和你一樣的手表。(我的手表和你的手表很像,但不是同一塊,故由as引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從 句。)
This is the same watch that I lost.
這就是我丟的那塊手表。(這塊手表和我丟的手表是同一塊,故由that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。)
(2)as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句 as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),代替整個(gè)主句,對(duì)其進(jìn)行說(shuō)明,通常用于as we all know, as it is known, as is known to all, as it is, as is said above, as always mentioned above, as is usual, as is often the case, as is reported in the newspaper等句式中。
as在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),且引出的從句位置比較靈活,可位于句首或句末,也可置于主句中間。通常均由逗號(hào)將其與主句隔開(kāi)。as有“正如……,就 像……”之意。
As is known to the United States, Mark Twain is a great writer.
美國(guó)人都知道,馬克吐溫是一位偉大的作家。(as在從句中作主語(yǔ))
He is absorbed in work, as he often was.
他正在全神貫注地工作,他過(guò)去經(jīng)常這樣。(as在從句中作表語(yǔ))
As we all know, the earth is round.
眾所周知,地球是圓的。(as在從句中作賓語(yǔ))
三、關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
關(guān)系副詞主要有when, where和why,其中when表示時(shí)間,where表 示地點(diǎn),why表示原因,它們?cè)诙ㄕZ(yǔ)從句中均用作狀語(yǔ)。
1、 關(guān)系副詞when/where 關(guān)系副詞when/where 既可引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句,又可引導(dǎo)非限制性 定語(yǔ)從句。先行詞是時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)名詞,在從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)或地點(diǎn)狀 語(yǔ),相當(dāng)于“介詞+which”。
October 1, 1949 was the day when(=on which)the People’s Republic of China was founded.
1949年10月1日是中華人民共和國(guó)成立的日子。(限制性定語(yǔ)從句)
This is the school where(=in which)I studied a few years ago.
這就是我?guī)啄昵白x書(shū)的學(xué)校。
I will never forget the day, when(=on which)I joined the Party.
我入黨的那一天,我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記。(非限制性定語(yǔ)從句)
Let’s go to the concert, where(=in which)you will find much fun.
我們?nèi)ヂ?tīng)音樂(lè)演唱會(huì)吧,在那里你會(huì)找到很大的樂(lè)趣。 where有時(shí)還可用于抽象名詞后引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。常見(jiàn)此類(lèi)抽象名詞 有point, degree, stage, position, case, condition等。
We have reached a point where a change is needed. 我們到了必須要改變的地步。
He got into a situation where it is hard to decide what is right and wrong.
他陷入一種難以分辨是非的局面。
I don’t want a job where I’m chained to a desk all day.
我不想找一份整天坐辦公桌前的工作。
2、關(guān)系副詞why 關(guān)系副詞why只能引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句,先行詞只有reason一詞, 在從句中充當(dāng)原因狀語(yǔ),相當(dāng)于for+which。
Do you know the reason why(=for which)he is not here now?
你知道他還沒(méi)有來(lái)這兒的原因嗎?
注意用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句主要看關(guān)系詞在定語(yǔ)從句中的作用(即所擔(dān)當(dāng)?shù)某煞郑?/p>
試比較:
I know a place where we can have a picnic.
我知道一個(gè)我們可以野炊的地方。
I know a place which/that is famous for its beautiful natural scenery.
我知道一個(gè)以自然景色優(yōu)美而聞名的地方。
I will never forget the days when we spent our holidays together.
我永遠(yuǎn)忘不了我們一起度假的日子。
I will never forget the days that/which we spent together.
我永遠(yuǎn)忘不了我們一起度過(guò)的日子。
This is the reason why he was dismissed.
這就是他被解雇的原因。
This is the reason that/which he explained to me for his not attending the meeting.
這就是他向我解釋的他沒(méi)有參加會(huì)議的原因。
四、關(guān)系代詞which和that的區(qū)別
在先行詞是事物的限制性定語(yǔ)從句中,that和which一般可互換。關(guān)系代詞that只引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句,不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。
1、在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中只能用that,不能用which作關(guān)系代詞的情況
(1)當(dāng)先行詞是everything, anything, nothing, all, none, few, little, some等不定代詞時(shí),或當(dāng)先行詞被every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等詞修飾時(shí)。
All that can be done has been done.
所有能做的都做了。
(2)先行詞被序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)、the only, the very, the last等 詞修飾時(shí)。
The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.
在倫敦他們參觀的第一個(gè)地方是大本鐘。
It’s the most important task that should be finished soon.
這是需要馬上完成的最重要的任務(wù)。
(3)先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)。
They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school.
他們談?wù)摿怂麄兯苡浧鸬脑谛r(shí)的人和事。
(4)當(dāng)先行詞前面有who, which等疑問(wèn)代詞時(shí),為避免混淆,不用 which而用that。
Who is the man that is standing by the gate?
站在門(mén)口的那個(gè)人是誰(shuí)?
2、 只用which,不能用that作關(guān)系代詞的情況
(1)在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中只能使用關(guān)系代詞which,不能使用關(guān)系代詞that。
He made another wonderful theory discovery, which I think is of great importance to science.
他做出了另外一項(xiàng)精彩的發(fā)現(xiàn),我認(rèn)為這一發(fā)現(xiàn) 具有重要的科學(xué)意義。
(2)在“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句中,只能使用關(guān)系詞 which,不能使用that。
The house in which we live is very large.
我們住的房子非常大。
注意如果介詞不放在關(guān)系代詞之前,which就可換為that。
This is the question about which we’ve had so much discussion.=This is the question which/that we’ve had so much discussion about.
這就是我們已經(jīng)多次討論過(guò)的問(wèn)題。
五、“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí),從句常常由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引出。
The school in which he once studied is very famous. =The school(which/that)he once studied in is very famous.
他曾經(jīng)就讀過(guò)的學(xué)校很出名。
注意:
(1)定語(yǔ)從句中某些含有介詞的短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般介詞仍放在短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的后面,此類(lèi)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)有:look for, look after, take care of 等。
This is the watch(which/that)I am looking for.
這是我正在尋找的手表。
This is the watch for which I am looking.(×)
(2)關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作介詞的賓語(yǔ)且介詞前置時(shí),只能用which或whom, 不可用who, that。
The man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour.
你剛才跟他談話的那個(gè)人是我的鄰居。
The plane in which we flew to Canada was really comfortable.
我們?nèi)ゼ幽么笏俗娘w機(jī)很舒服。
(3)“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”前還可有some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few等代詞或者數(shù)詞。
There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.
我們班總共有40個(gè)學(xué)生,大多數(shù)來(lái)自大城市。
Up to now, he has written ten novels, three of which are about country life.
迄今為止,他寫(xiě)了10部小說(shuō),其中3部是關(guān)于農(nóng)村生活的。
(4)以the way為先行詞的限制性定語(yǔ)從句通常由in which或 that引導(dǎo),而且通常可以省略。
The way(that/in which)he answered the questions was surprising.
他回答這些問(wèn)題的方式令人驚訝。
六、定語(yǔ)從句的轉(zhuǎn)換
定語(yǔ)從句可以轉(zhuǎn)換為形容詞(短語(yǔ))、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(短語(yǔ))、介詞短語(yǔ)等形式。
(1)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句轉(zhuǎn)化為兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句、獨(dú)立主格或 同位語(yǔ)形式。
I found many flowers in the garden, most of which were red.
① I found many flowers in the garden; most of them were red.(兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句)
② I found many flowers in the garden. Most of them were red.(兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句)
③ I found many flowers in the garden, and most of them were red.(并列句)
④ I found many flowers in the garden and most of them were red.(并列句)
⑤ I found many flowers in the garden, most of them red.(獨(dú)立主格)我在花園里看到了很多花兒,大部分都是紅色的。
We finally reached London, which was the end of our journey.→ We finally reached London, the end of our journey.(同位語(yǔ))
我們抵達(dá)了倫敦——我們行程的終點(diǎn)。
(2)限制性定語(yǔ)從句可以轉(zhuǎn)化成含有形容詞、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞或介詞的短語(yǔ)。
1)在定語(yǔ)從句中,如果謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),就用現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)替換;如果是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),可用過(guò)去分詞替換;如果是單個(gè)動(dòng)詞要放在中心詞之前,動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)要后置。
① The girl who is crying is my sister.→ The crying girl is my sister.
正在哭泣的女孩是我的妹妹。
② The girl who is crying behind the tree is my sister.→ The girl crying behind the tree is my sister.
在樹(shù)后哭泣的女孩是我的妹妹。
③ This is a story which was written by Charles Dickens.→ This is a story written by Charles Dickens.
這是由查爾斯狄更斯創(chuàng)作 的一個(gè)故事。
④ The man who owns that car will be fined for illegal parking.→ The man owning that car will be fined for illegal parking.
那輛車(chē)的車(chē)主將會(huì)因?yàn)檫`章停車(chē)而被罰款。
2)在定語(yǔ)從句中,如果含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或先行詞前有序數(shù)詞first, last, next等,可以將其轉(zhuǎn)化為含有不定式作定語(yǔ)的簡(jiǎn)單句。
① You need someone who can look after you.→ You need someone to look after you.
你需要有人來(lái)照顧。
② Mary was the first student who arrived at the square.→ Mary was the first student to arrive at the square.
瑪麗是最先到達(dá)廣場(chǎng)的學(xué)生。
3)在定語(yǔ)從句中,如果謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞含有be的形式,表語(yǔ)是介詞短語(yǔ)、形容詞(短語(yǔ)),在不影響理解的前提下,可以轉(zhuǎn)化成上述短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)的簡(jiǎn)單句。
① The girl who is behind the tree is my sister.→ The girl behind the tree is my sister.
樹(shù)后面的那個(gè)女孩是我的妹妹。
② Soldiers must be people who are not afraid of death.→ Soldiers must be people not afraid of death.
軍人必須是不畏犧牲的人。
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