動(dòng)詞的非謂語(yǔ)形式的用法

(1)動(dòng)詞的非謂語(yǔ)形式包括動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞三種形式；其中分詞又包含現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞兩種形式。它們?cè)诰渥又胁荒軉为?dú)作謂語(yǔ)。

(2)動(dòng)詞不定式：

① 形式：動(dòng)詞不定式基本形式由“不定式記號(hào)to+動(dòng)詞原形”構(gòu)成。它的否定形式只要在“to” 前面加上“not”。它的疑問(wèn)形式是：“wh-疑問(wèn)詞+to+動(dòng)詞原形”。*它的被動(dòng)形式：“to be +過(guò)去分詞”。*它的完成形式：“to have +過(guò)去分詞”。

② 動(dòng)詞不定式具有名詞、形容詞和副詞的特征,即可以在句子中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。但不定式也保留動(dòng)詞的某些特征,即不定式后面可以跟賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)。動(dòng)詞不定式加上相關(guān)成分就構(gòu)成不定式短語(yǔ)。

③ 動(dòng)詞不定式可以放在謂語(yǔ)前句子作主語(yǔ)。但是通常將作主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式或不定式短語(yǔ)放在謂語(yǔ)后面,而在主語(yǔ)位置用“it”作形式主語(yǔ)(有時(shí)在不定式的前面還會(huì)用for sb.表示不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ))。如：To help animals is helping people.(幫助動(dòng)物就是幫助人)/ It is very difficult (for us) to learn Chinese well.((對(duì)于我們而言)學(xué)好漢語(yǔ)是非常的困難)/ It took me half an hour to work out this problem.(解出這道題花了我一個(gè)小時(shí)的時(shí)間)

④ 動(dòng)詞不定式可以作謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(及物動(dòng)詞)的賓語(yǔ)。

[A] 及物動(dòng)詞+不定式一般形式：

如：I would like to have a rest at the moment.(我現(xiàn)在想休息一下)/ They began to search the room for the thief.(他們開(kāi)始在屋子里搜尋小偷)/ He liked to have a swim in the pool near his house.(他喜愛(ài)在靠家的水塘里面游泳)/ When did you learn to speak English?(你什么時(shí)候開(kāi)始學(xué)英語(yǔ)的？)/ Don’t forget to close the door when you leave.(你離開(kāi)時(shí)別忘了關(guān)門

[比較] He forgot to turn off the light.(他忘了關(guān)燈.) (沒(méi)關(guān))/ He forgot turning off the light.(他忘記關(guān)過(guò)燈.)(關(guān)了) / Please remember to ring me up.(記得給我打電話.)(還沒(méi)打電話) / I remember calling you yesterday but you forgot.(我記得昨天給你打電話了,但是你忘記了.)(打過(guò)電話)

[B] 及物動(dòng)詞+疑問(wèn)詞+不定式：

不定式疑問(wèn)形式還可以作句子的主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等。

如：He does not know which one to take.(他不知道該選哪個(gè))/ Tell me how to get to the station.(告訴我怎么樣去火車站)/ She asked me what to do for today’s homework.(她問(wèn)我今天家庭作業(yè)做什么)/ Can you teach me how to search the internet?(你能教我怎樣上網(wǎng)嗎？)

[C] 不定式作賓語(yǔ)而后面又有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí),通常用it代替作形式賓語(yǔ),而不定式則后置。如： I found it not very easy to learn to ride a bike.(我發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)騎車不很容易)

⑤ 動(dòng)詞不定式可以在句子中用作定語(yǔ),放在名詞或代詞后面。

[A] 記住下面的一些結(jié)構(gòu)：

[B] 在這種情況下,如果不定式動(dòng)詞是不及物動(dòng)詞,則后面必須加介詞。如：

They could not find a place to live in.(他們找不到住的地方)/ Please give me a chair to sit on.(請(qǐng)給我一張椅子坐坐)/ He has got a writing brush to write with.((他找到了寫(xiě)字的毛筆)

⑥ 動(dòng)詞不定式可以在句子中用作狀語(yǔ),有下列幾種情況：

[A] 放在不及物動(dòng)詞(come, go, stop, finish, wait等詞)的后面。如：He came to see her yesterday.(他昨天來(lái)看望她)(表示來(lái)的目的)/ I stopped to have a rest.(我停下來(lái)休息一會(huì)兒)(表示停下來(lái)的目的)

[B] 放在完整的謂語(yǔ)之后(即“謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)”、“謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)+補(bǔ)語(yǔ)”、“動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ)”之后)。如：We cleaned the room to let him play in it.(我們打掃了房間以便讓他在里面玩)/ I opened the window to see more clearly.(我打開(kāi)窗子以便看得更清楚點(diǎn)兒)

[C] 有時(shí)表示目的的不定式短語(yǔ)可以放在句首。如：To arrive there on time,I got up one hour earlier than usual.(為了按時(shí)到達(dá),我們比平時(shí)早起了一個(gè)小時(shí))(表示早起的目的)

[注意] stop to do 與stop doing的不同。如：They stopped to have a look.(他們停下來(lái)看看)(不定式作“停下來(lái)”的目的狀語(yǔ))/ They stopped looking out of the window and began to listen to the teahcher.(他們停止向窗外望,開(kāi)始聽(tīng)老師講課)(動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ),表示“停止”的內(nèi)容)

⑦ 動(dòng)詞不定式可以在句子中用作表語(yǔ),限用于連系動(dòng)詞之后。如：My job is to keep the goal.(我的工作就是守住球門)

⑧ 動(dòng)詞不定式可以在句子中用作復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。

如：Mum asked me to help her with the cooking.(媽媽叫我?guī)椭鲲?/ I would like you to see my parents.(我想要你見(jiàn)見(jiàn)我的父母)/ The boss often made the workers work 14 hours a day.(老板常讓工人們一天工作14小時(shí))/ Now let me hear you play the violin.(現(xiàn)在讓我來(lái)聽(tīng)你拉小提琴)

[注意] help之后做賓補(bǔ)的不定式符號(hào)to可以省略；hear / see / feel / watch之后的賓補(bǔ)用不定式與現(xiàn)在分詞時(shí),含義不同,需特別注意,(參見(jiàn)現(xiàn)在分詞部分)。試比較：

I heard her crying when I walked past.(我路過(guò)時(shí)聽(tīng)到她正在哭)(指當(dāng)時(shí)瞬間的情況)

I sat near her and heard her sing the new song.(我坐在她附近聽(tīng)她唱新歌)(指整個(gè)過(guò)程)

(3)動(dòng)名詞

① 動(dòng)名詞由動(dòng)詞原形加詞尾“ing”構(gòu)成。動(dòng)名詞有動(dòng)詞的特征,可以跟賓語(yǔ),可以被狀語(yǔ)修飾；它也有名詞的特征,在句子中可以作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)(包括介詞賓語(yǔ))等。動(dòng)名詞加相關(guān)詞語(yǔ)(賓語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)等)構(gòu)成動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)。

② 動(dòng)名詞可以作主語(yǔ)。一般可用it作形式主語(yǔ)而將動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)后移。如：Learning English all by yourself is not so easy.(自學(xué)好英語(yǔ)不那么容易)(=It is not so easy learning English all by yourself.)

③ 動(dòng)名詞可以作賓語(yǔ)。

[A] want / need之后用動(dòng)名詞時(shí),含有被動(dòng)意思。如：Your car needs reparing badly.(你的車急需修理。)(被修)My hair needs cutting.(我要理發(fā)。)(頭發(fā)被理)

[B] remember / forge / stop / finish之后用動(dòng)名詞時(shí),與用不定式含義不同。如：I forgot to write a letter to him.(我忘了給他寫(xiě)封信)(根本沒(méi)寫(xiě)) / I forgot writing a letter to him.(我忘了給他寫(xiě)過(guò)信)(寫(xiě)了卻忘了) / They stopped to look back.(他們停下來(lái)向后看)(停下的目的是向后看) / They stopped looking back.(他們停止向后看)(不向后看了)

[C] enjoy / mind / keep / hate/ go等詞一般用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)。如：Do you mind my closing the door?(把門關(guān)上你介意嗎？)/ She hates travelling by air.(她討厭坐飛機(jī)旅行)/ They went swimming every afternoon.(他們每天下午去游泳)/ I enjoy walking around the town.(我喜歡在鎮(zhèn)上轉(zhuǎn)悠)

[D] like / love / start / begin / learn后面用動(dòng)名詞時(shí),與用不定式意思相近或相同。如：We began to study English when we were at primary school.(我們?cè)谛W(xué)時(shí)就開(kāi)始學(xué)英語(yǔ)了) / We began studying English when we were at primary school. (我們?cè)谛W(xué)時(shí)就開(kāi)始學(xué)英語(yǔ)了)

④ 動(dòng)名詞可以作表語(yǔ),此時(shí)特別注意不要與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)混淆。如：My job is putting these parts together.(我的事情是把這些部件拼起來(lái)) / I am putting these parts together.(我正在把這些部件拼起來(lái))

⑤ 動(dòng)名詞與現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成相同,但是含義不同,動(dòng)名詞主要表示事情,而現(xiàn)在分詞則主要表示進(jìn)行著的動(dòng)作。如：Eating too much is not good for your health. (動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ),作主語(yǔ)) / Seeing is believing.(動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ),分別作主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)) / He ran after a moving bus and got onto it.(現(xiàn)在分詞,作定語(yǔ)) / His father saw him sitting on some eggs.(現(xiàn)在分詞,作賓補(bǔ))

(4)分詞： 包含現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞。(高中學(xué)習(xí)重點(diǎn))

① 主要區(qū)別：現(xiàn)在分詞一般有主動(dòng)的意思或表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行的意思；過(guò)去分詞有被動(dòng)或動(dòng) 作已經(jīng)完成的意思。分詞可以有自己的賓語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)。

② 分詞或分詞短語(yǔ)在句子中作定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)等。

[A] 作定語(yǔ)：分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí),一般要放在修飾的名詞之前,分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)時(shí),則要放在所修飾的名詞之后。 如：I have got a running nose.(我流鼻涕) / The woman running after the thief shouted very loudly,“Stop the thief!”(跟著小偷追的婦女大喊：捉小偷！) / Yesterday I met a man called Mr. Black.(昨天我遇見(jiàn)了一個(gè)名叫布萊克先生的人)/ He only gave me a broken glass,so I was very angry with him.(他只給了我一個(gè)壞玻璃杯,所以我很生他的氣)

[B] 現(xiàn)在分詞可以作下列動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。(參考不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))

如：Mum kept me working all the week.(媽媽讓我一個(gè)星期都在工作)/ When I entered the room,I saw Jack eating a big pear.(我進(jìn)入房間時(shí)看到杰克正在吃一只大梨子)/ In the dark I felt something very cold moving on my foot.(黑暗之中我感到有個(gè)冷的東西在我的腳上移動(dòng))

[C] 現(xiàn)在分詞可以作狀語(yǔ),表示伴隨情況。如：She came into the classroom,holding a pile of papers in her hand.(他走進(jìn)教室,手上抓著一沓紙)/ I am very busy these days getting ready for the coming oral test.(這些日子我正忙著準(zhǔn)備即將來(lái)到的口語(yǔ)考試)

[D] 過(guò)去分詞可以作表語(yǔ),放在連系動(dòng)詞后面,但要注意不要與被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)混淆,“主系表”主要表示狀態(tài),而被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)則表示動(dòng)作。常用過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)的結(jié)構(gòu)有：be worried (焦慮) / be pleased (高興) / be tired (疲勞) / get dressed (打扮好) / get lost (迷路) / get caught (遭遇) / beome frustrated (沮喪) / become intereted in (對(duì)…感興趣)等等。例略。

[E] 過(guò)去分詞可以作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。如：I had my hair cut this morning.(今天早上我讓人給我理了發(fā))(注意：have sth. done表示動(dòng)作由別人來(lái)做,而have done sth.則為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu),兩個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)不可以混淆)

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