被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的用法

(1)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)定義：被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)是動(dòng)詞的一種特殊形式,用來(lái)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之間的關(guān)系。如果主語(yǔ)是 動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者(即某人做某事),便叫主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)；如果主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者(即某事被做),便叫被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。主動(dòng)與被動(dòng)的區(qū)別不是詞序的區(qū)別,而是主語(yǔ)與謂語(yǔ)意義上的區(qū)別。在英語(yǔ)中只有及物動(dòng)詞和一些相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞的詞組才有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的形式。

(2)英語(yǔ)中被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由“助動(dòng)詞be +動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞”構(gòu)成。助動(dòng)詞be有時(shí)態(tài)、人稱和數(shù)的變化。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)后的by短語(yǔ)有時(shí)可省去。具體結(jié)構(gòu)見下表：

[注] p.p.表示過(guò)去分詞。

(1) 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的用法：

① 不知道誰(shuí)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者(即不知道誰(shuí)做)時(shí)用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),省略by短語(yǔ)。如：A man was killed in the accident.(一個(gè)人死于事故)/ This window was broken yesterday.(這扇窗子是昨天被打破的)

②不說(shuō)或者眾所周知是誰(shuí)做時(shí),用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),省略by短語(yǔ)。如：Rice is also grown in this place.(這個(gè)地方也種水稻)/ A railroad will be built here in three years.(三年之后這里將要修建一條鐵路)

③強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者,句尾加by短語(yǔ)。如：It was written by Lu Xun.(它(書)是魯迅寫的)/ A pet dog is never killed by its owner.(寵物狗是不會(huì)被主人宰殺的)

(2) 主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)如何改寫為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：

(3) 注意點(diǎn)：

①“動(dòng)詞+間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ)”改為被動(dòng)時(shí),可以用間接賓語(yǔ)做被動(dòng)句的主語(yǔ)。如：

His teacher gave him a dictionary.→He was given a dictionary by his teacher.(老師給他一本字典→他得到老師一本字典)

也可以用直接賓語(yǔ)做被動(dòng)句的主語(yǔ),但是需用to或者for引出原句的間接賓語(yǔ)。如：His teacher gave him a dictionary.→A dictionary was given to him by his teacher.(老師給他一本字典→一本字典由老師送給了他)/His father made him a kite.→A kite was made for him by his father.(他的父親給他做了一個(gè)風(fēng)箏→一個(gè)風(fēng)箏由他的父親做給了他)

②“動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞原形”改為被動(dòng)時(shí),動(dòng)詞原形前要加to.如：The boss made the poor man work 12 hours a day.→The poor man was made to work 12 hours a day.(老板讓這個(gè)可憐的人一天工作12小時(shí)→這個(gè)可憐人被迫一天工作12小時(shí))

③“動(dòng)詞+…+介詞”改為被動(dòng)時(shí),介詞一般在原位不動(dòng)。如：The girl takes good care of her little brother.→The girl’s little brother is taken good care of by her.(女孩照顧小弟弟→女孩的小弟弟由她照顧著)

④“be+過(guò)去分詞”未必表示被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài),而可能是系表結(jié)構(gòu)。如：

He is pleased / worried / tired /…….(系表)(他高興/焦慮/疲勞……)

He was hit / knocked down / told / shot / …….(被動(dòng))(他被擊中/撞倒/關(guān)照/射中……)

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