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12月英語六級閱讀真題預(yù)測11

Data sharing: An open mind on open date

[A] It is a movement building steady momentum: a call to make research data, software code andexperimental methods publicly available andtransparent. A spirit of openness is gainingacceptance in the science community, and is theonly way, say advocates, to address a 'crisis' inscience whereby too few findings are successfullyreproduced. Furthermore, they say, it is the best way for researchers to gather the range ofobservations that are necessary to speed up discoveries or to identify large-scale trends.

[B] The open-data shift poses a confusing problem for junior researchers. On the one hand, the drive to share is gathering official steam. Since 2013, global scientific bodies have begunto back politics that support increased public access to research. On the other hand, scientistsdisagree about how much and when they should share date, and they debate whether sharingit is more likely to accelerate science and make it more robust, or to introduce vulnerabilitiesand problems. As more journals and make it more robust, or to introduce vulnerabilities andproblems. As more journal and funders adopt data-sharing requirements, and as a growingnumber of enthusiasts call for more openness, junior researchers must find their placebetween adopters and those who continue to hold out, even as they strive to launch their owncareers.

[C] One key challenge facing young scientists is how to be open without becomingscientifically vulnerable. They must determine the risk of jeopardizing a job offer or acollaboration proposal from those who are wary of—or unfamiliar with—open science. Andthey must learn how to capitalize on the movement's benefits, such as opportunities for morecitations and a way to build a reputation without the need for conventional metrics, such aspublication in high-impact journals.

[D] Some fields have embraced open data more than others. Researchers in psychology, a fieldrocked by findings of irreproducibility in the past few years, have been especially vocalsupporters of the drive for more-open science. A few psychology journals have createdincentives to increase interest in reproducible science—for example, by affixing an 'open-data'badge to articles that clearly state where data are available. According to socialpsychologist Brian Nosek, executive director of the Center for Open Science, the averagedata-sharing rate for the journal Psychological Science, which uses the badges, increasedtenfold to 38% from 2013 to 2015.

[E] Funders, too, are increasingly adopting an open-data policy. Several strongly encourage, and some require, a date-management plan that makes data available. The US NationalScience Foundation is among these, some philanthropic (慈善的) funders, including theBill&Melinda Gates Foundation in Seattle, Washington, and the Wellcome Trust in London, also mandate open data from their grant recipients.

[F] But many young researchers, especially those who have not been mentored in openscience, are uncertain about whether to share or to stay private. Graduate students andpostdocs, who often are working on their lab head's grant, may have no choice if theirsupervisor or another senior colleague opposes sharing.

[G] Some fear that the potential impact of sharing is too high, especially at the early stagesof a career." Everybody has a scary story about someone getting scooped (被搶先)," says NewYork University astronomer David Hogg. Those fears may be a factor in a lingeringhesitation to share data even when publishing in journals that mandate it.

[H] Researchers at small labs or at institutions focused on teaching arguably have the most tolose when sharing hard-won data." With my institution and teaching load, I don't havepostdocs and grad students," says Terry McGlynn, a tropical biologist at California StateUniversity, Dominguez Hills." The stakes are higher to share data because it's a bigger fractionof what's happening in my lab."

[I] Researchers also point to the time sink that is involved in preparing data for others to view. Once the data and associated materials appear in a repository (存儲庫 ), answering questionsand handling complaints can take many hours.

[J] The time investment can present other problems. In some cases, says data scientist KarthikRam, it may be difficult for junior researchers to embrace openness when senior colleagues—many of whom head selection and promotion committees—might ridicule what they mayview as misplaced energies." I've heard this recently—that embracing the idea of open data andcode makes traditional academics uncomfortable," says Ram." The concern seems to bethat open advocates don't spend their time being as productive as possible."

[K] An open-science stance can also add complexity to a collaboration. Kate Ratliff, whostudies social attitudes at the University of Florida, Gainesville, says that it can seem as ifthere are two camps in a field—those who care about open science and those who don't." There's a new area to navigate—'Are you cool with the fact that I'll want to make the dataopen?'—when talking with somebody about an interesting research idea," she says.

[L] Despite complications and concerns, the upsides of sharing can be significant. For example, when information is uploaded to a repository, a digital object identifier (DOI) is assigned. Scientists can use a DOI to publish each step of the research life cycle, not just the final paper. In so doing, they can potentially get three citations—one each for the data and software, inaddition to the paper itself. And although some say that citations for software or data havelittle currency in academia, they can have other benefits.

[M] Many advocates think that transparent data procedures with a date and time stamp willprotect scientists from being scooped." This is the sweet spot between sharing and gettingcredit for it, while discouraging plagiarism (剽竊)," says Ivo Grigorov, a project coordinatorat the National Institute of Aquatic Resources Research Secretariat in Charlottenlund, Denmark. Hogg says that scooping is less of a problem than many think." The two cases I'm familiar withdidn't involve open data or code," he says.

[N] Open science also offers junior researchers the chance to level the playing field by gainingbetter access to crucial date. Ross Mounce, a postdoc studying evolutionary biology at theUniversity of Cambridge, UK, is a vocal champion of open science, partly because his fossil-based research depends on access to others' data. He says that more openness in sciencecould help to discourage what some perceive as a common practice of shutting out early-career scientists' requests for data.

[O] Communication also helps for those who worry about jeopardizing a collaboration, hesays. Concerns about open science should be discussed at the outset of a study." Wheneveryou start a project with someone, you have to establish a clear understanding of expectationsfor who owns the data, at what point they go public and who can do what with them," he says.

[P] In the end, sharing data, software and materials with colleagues can help an early-careerresearcher to gain recognition—a crucial component of success." The thing you aresearching for is reputation," says Titus Brown, a genomics (基因組學(xué)) researcher at theUniversity of California, Davis." To get grants and jobs, you have to be relevant and achievesome level of public recognition. Anything you do that advances your presence—especially ina larger sphere, outside the communities you know—is a net win."

36. Astronomer David Hogg doesn't think scooping is as serious a problem as generallythought.

37. Some researchers are hesitant to make their data public for fear that others might publishsomething similar before them.

38. Some psychology journals have offered incentives to encourage authors to share theirdata.

39. There is a growing demand in the science community that research data be open to thepublic.

40. Sharing data offers early-career researchers the chance to build a certain level ofreputation.

41. Data sharing enables scientists to publish each step of their research work, thus leading tomore citations.

42. Scientists hold different opinions about the extent and timing of data sharing.

43. Potential problems related to data sharing should be made known to and discussed by allparticipants at the beginning of a joint research project.

44. Sharing data and handling data-related issues can be time-consuming.

45. Junior researchers may have no say when it comes to sharing data.

英語六級閱讀參考答案：

36.M

37.G

38.D

39.A

40.P

41.L

42.B

43.O

44.I

45.F