談談非謂語動詞的語態(tài)及用法

一、不定式的被動語態(tài)

不定式的被動語態(tài)由“to be+過去分詞”構(gòu)成，其用法與不定式的主動形式相似，只是表示被動意義。如：

To be attacked by the enemy is not a bad thing, but a good thing. 被敵人反對是好事，不是壞事。(作主語)

He asked to be kept informed about developments. 他要求隨時向他報告發(fā)展情況。(作賓語)

The points to be discussed can be brought under three main headings. 所論各點可以歸為三個主要方面。(作定語)

He knocked at the window to be let in. 他敲敲窗戶要進來。(作狀語)

The case was too heavy to be carried by a child. 箱子太重了，孩子搬不動。(作狀語)

The medicine is to be taken three times a day, preferably before meals. 這藥一天吃三次，最好飯前吃。(作表語)

He said that he wished it to be published in its present form. 他說他希望以其現(xiàn)有的形式出版。(作賓語補足語)

【幾點說明】

1. 有時不定式用完成被動式。如：

No harm seems to have been done. 似乎沒有造成損失。

2. be going to后接被動結(jié)構(gòu)。如：

The meeting is going to be put off. 會議將要延期。

3. ought to后接被動結(jié)構(gòu)。如：

Such activities ought to be prohibited. 這種活動應當禁止。

4. has to, have to, had to后接被動結(jié)構(gòu)。如：

He broke his leg during the match and had to be carried off. 他在比賽中撞斷了腿而被抬走。

5. be about (due) to后接被動結(jié)構(gòu)。如：

The work is about to be finished. 這工作即將完成。

二、現(xiàn)在分詞的被動語態(tài)

現(xiàn)在分詞的被動語態(tài)由“being+過去分詞”構(gòu)成，其用法與現(xiàn)在分詞的主動形式相似，只是表示被動意義。如：

I saw him being taken away by the police. 我看到他正被警察帶走。(作賓補)

The building being repaired is our library. 正在維修的那座樓是我們的圖書館。(作定語)

Being written in haste, the composition is full of mistakes. 這篇文章倉卒寫就，故錯誤百出。(作狀語)

【說明】有時現(xiàn)在分詞用完成被動式。如：(from www.網(wǎng)址未加載)

Having been invited to speak, I’ll start making preparations tomorrow. 因為邀請我去講話，我明天就得做準備。

三、動名詞的被動語態(tài)

動名詞的被動語態(tài)由“being+過去分詞”構(gòu)成，其用法與動名詞的主動形式相似，只是表示被動意義。如：

Being lost can be a terrifying experience. 迷路可能是一種很可怕的經(jīng)歷。(作主語)

He dyed his beard to avoid being recognized. 他染了胡子，以免我們認出他。(作賓語)

【說明】有時動名詞用完成被動式。如：(from www.網(wǎng)址未加載)

The safe showed no signs of having been touched. 保險箱沒有被人動過的痕跡。

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