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國(guó)際商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯考試篇一

摘 要：隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的不斷發(fā)展，世界各國(guó)之間的貿(mào)易往來(lái)越來(lái)越密切，商務(wù)英語(yǔ)在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中起著越來(lái)越重要的作用。本文從商務(wù)英語(yǔ)的基本地位和作用入手，分析了商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯的特點(diǎn)，并根據(jù)國(guó)際商務(wù)活動(dòng)的具體情況簡(jiǎn)述了國(guó)際商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯策略，僅供參考。

關(guān)鍵詞：商務(wù)英語(yǔ)；翻譯；策略

近年來(lái)，隨著國(guó)際貿(mào)易的不斷發(fā)展，各國(guó)之間的經(jīng)濟(jì)交流和合作也得到了加強(qiáng)，英語(yǔ)作為國(guó)際通用語(yǔ)言，在這種交流和合作中起著越來(lái)越重要的作用，在此情況下，商務(wù)英語(yǔ)在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中的作用也是不言而喻的。鑒于此，本文將從商務(wù)英語(yǔ)的基本地位和作用入手，對(duì)商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯的特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行分析，并結(jié)合實(shí)際簡(jiǎn)述了國(guó)際商務(wù)英語(yǔ)的翻譯策略。商務(wù)英語(yǔ)概述

對(duì)于商務(wù)英語(yǔ)的理解，很多相關(guān)的專業(yè)人士都有相同的看法，他們都認(rèn)為商務(wù)英語(yǔ)的用途不可小覷，它是專門(mén)用途英語(yǔ)中不可缺少的部分，在國(guó)際貿(mào)易活動(dòng)中起著重要的作用，雖然它和普通英語(yǔ)有著相同的特點(diǎn)，但又有自身的特點(diǎn)，它的表現(xiàn)內(nèi)容和語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象都與普通英語(yǔ)不同。有相關(guān)的專業(yè)人士對(duì)商務(wù)英語(yǔ)的基本理論進(jìn)行了歸納總結(jié)，將其概括為文化背景、管理職能、專業(yè)知識(shí)、交際職能和語(yǔ)言知識(shí)。因此，商務(wù)英語(yǔ)就是在進(jìn)行國(guó)際合作和交流過(guò)程中使用的英語(yǔ)。隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的不斷發(fā)展，國(guó)際商務(wù)活動(dòng)越來(lái)越頻繁，商務(wù)英語(yǔ)在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中起著越來(lái)越重要的作用，國(guó)際商務(wù)英語(yǔ)的翻譯也引起了人們的高度重視。商務(wù)英語(yǔ)可以促進(jìn)對(duì)外交流，這是其主要作用，而商務(wù)合同又是對(duì)外交流的重要內(nèi)容，因此，相比于普通英語(yǔ)的翻譯，商務(wù)英語(yǔ)的翻譯較為復(fù)雜，翻譯者必須熟悉相關(guān)的專業(yè)知識(shí)和語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn)，還要遵守相關(guān)的商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯原則。商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯的特點(diǎn)

概括起來(lái)說(shuō)，商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯的特點(diǎn)較多，主要包括清晰、準(zhǔn)確、具體、簡(jiǎn)潔、完整等。所謂清晰，就是要求商務(wù)文書(shū)有明確的主題，合理的結(jié)構(gòu)，清晰的結(jié)構(gòu)。準(zhǔn)確就是要求譯文內(nèi)容合乎語(yǔ)法，用詞準(zhǔn)確[1]。具體就是要求商務(wù)文書(shū)的翻譯具體明確。簡(jiǎn)潔就是要求譯文內(nèi)容凝練，具備效率性和時(shí)間性。完整就是要求譯文內(nèi)容完整。商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯特點(diǎn)主要體現(xiàn)在詞匯運(yùn)用特征和語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn)上。

2.1 商務(wù)英語(yǔ)的詞匯特點(diǎn)

有關(guān)人士認(rèn)為，在翻譯的過(guò)程中，僅僅掌握兩種語(yǔ)言是無(wú)法成功進(jìn)行翻譯的，還需要掌握兩種文化，因?yàn)樵~匯在不同文化背景下的意義不同。因此，商務(wù)英語(yǔ)的翻譯需要理解文化差異。商務(wù)英語(yǔ)詞匯還有一個(gè)特點(diǎn)就是詞匯縮寫(xiě)。在國(guó)際商務(wù)活動(dòng)中，由于商務(wù)活動(dòng)十分頻繁，為了盡快跟上商務(wù)活動(dòng)的步驟，很多詞匯都會(huì)進(jìn)行縮寫(xiě)，涉獵范圍非常廣。此外，商務(wù)英語(yǔ)習(xí)慣運(yùn)用形象化詞和新詞。例如soft-landing，按照普通英語(yǔ)的翻譯習(xí)慣可譯為重量級(jí)公司，而在商務(wù)英語(yǔ)中則是指在財(cái)政政策和貨幣政策的影響下，對(duì)高速增長(zhǎng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)進(jìn)行適當(dāng)調(diào)整，使其恢復(fù)正常運(yùn)作。

2.2 商務(wù)英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)言特點(diǎn)

商務(wù)英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)言具有很強(qiáng)的專業(yè)性，專業(yè)詞匯運(yùn)用恰到好處，詞匯含義會(huì)因情景的變化而變化。同時(shí)，商務(wù)英語(yǔ)詞匯的運(yùn)用都是符合一定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和規(guī)范的。絕大多數(shù)的商務(wù)英語(yǔ)句子結(jié)構(gòu)與普通英語(yǔ)句子結(jié)構(gòu)不一樣且難以分清，在新聞報(bào)道、合同協(xié)議和招標(biāo)文書(shū)等正式文件中，都是采用正式的文體、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)規(guī)范的句式來(lái)完成的。此外，語(yǔ)言表達(dá)的要求較高。商務(wù)英語(yǔ)在國(guó)際商務(wù)活動(dòng)中主要作用就是對(duì)外交流，其包括雙方的義務(wù)和權(quán)利，這就要求語(yǔ)言表達(dá)恰到好處，保證信息的傳達(dá)正確無(wú)誤。所以，商務(wù)英語(yǔ)表達(dá)的內(nèi)容要與實(shí)際情況相符，確保各類數(shù)據(jù)的準(zhǔn)確性。商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯的策略

基于上述商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯的特點(diǎn)，可以提煉出商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯的策略，主要包括以下幾大策略：文化差異的理解；研究商務(wù)合同翻譯策略；努力避免錯(cuò)誤等。

3.1 文化差異的理解

由于各國(guó)文化存在著較大的差異，對(duì)語(yǔ)言的理解也不同，這就極易引發(fā)誤譯和誤解。部分詞語(yǔ)有著不同的文化內(nèi)涵，其漢語(yǔ)涵義與英語(yǔ)涵義也不一樣，有些辭典對(duì)詞語(yǔ)的翻譯可能不準(zhǔn)確，就無(wú)法正確表達(dá)與理解其真正涵義。例如，我們都知道的1972年（上海公報(bào)）中的acknowledge，中美雙方對(duì)其就有不同的理解。中方理解成美方“承認(rèn)”，而美方則理解成“熟知”，“知道”。此外，其他事件中也遇到過(guò)這種情況。這就與文化背景和詞語(yǔ)的涵義有關(guān)。

再有，在某次商務(wù)活動(dòng)中，德國(guó)商人與美國(guó)商人進(jìn)行談判時(shí)有這么一句話：“i know it is impossible，but can we do it ？”德國(guó)商人對(duì)impossible的理解是不可能的，而美國(guó)人的理解卻不一樣，這種理解差異與文化差異有著緊密的聯(lián)系。據(jù)此可知，商務(wù)活動(dòng)和商務(wù)文章中的詞語(yǔ)運(yùn)用較為靈活，要根據(jù)文化背景和上下文來(lái)翻譯理解，否則就會(huì)出現(xiàn)誤譯和誤解。

3.2 研究商務(wù)合同翻譯策略

商務(wù)合同都是經(jīng)過(guò)雙方同意而簽訂的，與雙方的利益有著莫大的關(guān)系，要特別重視其翻譯，這就要求有商務(wù)合同的翻譯策略。商務(wù)合同的翻譯極為重要，要分清合同是屬于什么類型的。在翻譯前，要在知其梗概的基礎(chǔ)上，了解合同種類和其基本意思，熟知篇章特點(diǎn)和合同的結(jié)構(gòu)條款[2]。同時(shí)，要對(duì)條款進(jìn)行認(rèn)真研讀。在大概了解原文內(nèi)容后，要仔細(xì)、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)匮凶x條款，理解詞語(yǔ)的實(shí)際涵義，分清其句子結(jié)構(gòu)，以便進(jìn)行正確地翻譯。此外，要對(duì)翻譯進(jìn)行有效組織。在完成上述工作后，選取相應(yīng)的詞語(yǔ)，準(zhǔn)確、規(guī)范地翻譯原文。當(dāng)然，審譯、漏譯等工作也不容忽視。翻譯后，要對(duì)譯文的審譯進(jìn)行組織，以便能夠及時(shí)地發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題并解決，碰到漏譯的情況，一定要及時(shí)地進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充，不然的話，就會(huì)給雙方造成巨大的損失。同時(shí)，合同中也有許多陷阱，需要引起高度的重視，以免自己的利益受損。

3.3 努力避免錯(cuò)誤

在翻譯商務(wù)英語(yǔ)的過(guò)程中，商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯工作者應(yīng)具備扎實(shí)的專業(yè)知識(shí)和翻譯的基本策略，還要養(yǎng)成良好的習(xí)慣，努力避免錯(cuò)誤。就算是碰到一些常用的詞或詞組，只要碰到不懂的問(wèn)題，就要翻查相關(guān)的辭典，千萬(wàn)不可望文生義，完全照搬。中國(guó)學(xué)生在翻譯的過(guò)程中，經(jīng)常會(huì)以漢語(yǔ)的理解思維來(lái)進(jìn)行翻譯，這樣就極易出現(xiàn)誤譯或錯(cuò)譯，從而導(dǎo)致信息傳遞梗塞，讓人無(wú)法理解。通常情況下，此種錯(cuò)誤有兩類，一類是語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤，還有一類是詞匯錯(cuò)誤，如the prices are cheap會(huì)誤翻譯為物價(jià)低廉，其實(shí)物價(jià)低廉正確的翻譯是the prices are low.4 結(jié)語(yǔ)

綜上所述，商務(wù)英語(yǔ)在國(guó)際商務(wù)活動(dòng)中起著重要的作用，可以促進(jìn)各國(guó)之間的經(jīng)濟(jì)合作和交流。由于商務(wù)英語(yǔ)與普通英語(yǔ)存在著差異性，商務(wù)英語(yǔ)的翻譯也有自身的特點(diǎn)，因此，在國(guó)際商務(wù)活動(dòng)中，要注意國(guó)際商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯策略，以便更好地促進(jìn)國(guó)際貿(mào)易的發(fā)展。

參考文獻(xiàn)

[1]孫圣勇.論國(guó)際商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯策略[j].商業(yè)視角，2012，47（10）：155-156.[2]林邦鈞.試論國(guó)際商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯策略[j].中國(guó)西部科技，2011，36（12）：187-188.作者簡(jiǎn)介

呂昕（1992-），男，山東省煙臺(tái)市人，山東大學(xué)，大學(xué)生。

國(guó)際商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯考試篇二

1.國(guó)際貿(mào)易一般指不同國(guó)家當(dāng)事人進(jìn)行的交易，它涉及到許多因素。因而比國(guó)內(nèi)貿(mào)易要復(fù)雜的多。international business refers to transaction between parties from different involves mort factors and thus is more complicated than domestic business.2.隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化進(jìn)程的發(fā)展，很少人和公司能完全獨(dú)立于國(guó)際商務(wù)之外而存在。因此，在此方面具有一定的知識(shí)是十分必要的，這既有益于企業(yè)的發(fā)展，又有益于個(gè)人的進(jìn)步with the development of economic globalization, few people or companies can enterprises and personal advancement 3.其他參與國(guó)際貿(mào)易的形式有管理合同，承包生產(chǎn)和“交鑰匙”工程。completely stay away from international ore, some knowledge in this respect is necessary both for the benefit of other forms for participating in international business are management contract, contract manufacturing, and turnkey project 4.國(guó)際貿(mào)易最初以商品貿(mào)易的形式出現(xiàn)，即在一國(guó)生產(chǎn)或制造商品而出口或進(jìn)口到另一國(guó)進(jìn)行消費(fèi)或轉(zhuǎn)售。international consumption or resale in another.5.除了國(guó)際貿(mào)易和投資，國(guó)際許可和特許經(jīng)營(yíng)有時(shí)也是進(jìn)入國(guó)際市場(chǎng)的一種方式

besides trade and investment, international licensing and franchising are some times taken as a means of entering a foreign market.（二）

1.國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值和國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值是表明一國(guó)收入的兩個(gè)重要概念，區(qū)別在于前者強(qiáng)調(diào)的是生產(chǎn)要素的所屬權(quán)而后者著重于進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)的國(guó)家。business first took the form of commodity trade, ing and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for gnp and gdp are two important concepts used to indicate a country’s difference between gnp and gdp is that the former focuses on ownership of the factors of production while the latter concentrates on the place where production takes place 2.要估評(píng)某一市場(chǎng)的潛力，人們往往要分析其收入水平，因?yàn)樗鼮槟抢锞用竦馁?gòu)買力高低提供了線索in assessing the potential of a market, people often look at its income level since it provides clues about the purchasing power of its residents.3.世界各國(guó)被世界銀行分為三大領(lǐng)域，高收入國(guó)家、中等收入國(guó)家和低收入國(guó)家

countries of the world are spanided by the world bank into three categories of high-income, middle income and low income 4.中國(guó)現(xiàn)在的年人均收入為1100美元以上，但幾年前它還是個(gè)低收入國(guó)家。

china with an annual per capita income of over $1100 is a middle income country though it was a low income country just a few years ago.5.就中國(guó)來(lái)說(shuō)，周圍還有其他應(yīng)特別關(guān)注的市場(chǎng)，如亞洲四小虎，東盟國(guó)家，俄羅斯等國(guó)，這些國(guó)家都具有前景看好的市場(chǎng)潛力，能為中國(guó)提供很好的商機(jī)。as far as china is concerned, other markets we should pay particular attention to are those around us: the four tigers, the asean countries, russia, are countries with very promising market potential and can offer good business opportunities to china.(三)1.過(guò)去的幾十年，地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化越來(lái)越嚴(yán)重。

the past decades witnessed increasingly growing importance of regional economic integration.2經(jīng)濟(jì)聯(lián)盟的成員國(guó)不僅要在稅收、政府開(kāi)支、企業(yè)策略等方面保持一致，而且還應(yīng)適用同一的貨幣。

the members of an economic union are required not only to harmonize their taxation, government expenditure, industry policies, etc, but also use the same currency.3歐洲委員會(huì)是歐盟的管理機(jī)構(gòu)之一，此機(jī)構(gòu)將提議呈交給部長(zhǎng)理事會(huì)做決定，并監(jiān)督各成員國(guó)根據(jù)所制定的條約履行自己的義務(wù)。

the european commission is one of the governing organs of the is the body which puts proposals to the council of ministers for decision and sees that the members carry out their duties under the treaty 4apec建立與在澳大利亞首都堪培拉召開(kāi)的一次部長(zhǎng)級(jí)會(huì)議上。當(dāng)時(shí)有12位成員國(guó)出席，分別是澳大利亞、美國(guó)、加拿大、日本、朝鮮、新西蘭和東盟六國(guó)。apec was set up at the ministerial meeting held in the australia capital canberra attened by 12members of australia，the united states，canada，japan，republic of korea，new zealand and six asean countries.5著名的自由貿(mào)易區(qū)是北美自由貿(mào)易區(qū)，它是由美國(guó)、加拿大和墨西哥于1991年建立的。

the most notable free trade area is the north american free trade area, the largest free market formed by the united states, canada and mexico in 1991(四)1.經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化為世界經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展提供了新的動(dòng)力和機(jī)會(huì), 同時(shí)也使各經(jīng)濟(jì)體更加相互依賴、相互影響。economic globalization is giving new impetus and opportunities to world economic development and meanwhile making the various economies more and more interdependent and interactive 2.跨國(guó)公司是在一個(gè)以上國(guó)家擁有、控制和經(jīng)營(yíng)資產(chǎn)的商業(yè)組織。

a multinational enterprise is a business organization that owns, controls and manages assents in more than one country 3.許多人歡呼經(jīng)濟(jì)全球帶來(lái)的好處，但同時(shí)也有強(qiáng)烈的反對(duì)聲音。

an mne may also have various regional or operational headquarters, in addition to international headquarters 4.跨國(guó)公司的內(nèi)部交換在整個(gè)國(guó)際貿(mào)易的一個(gè)很大的比例。

the transfer of the intra-mne transactions constitutes a very significant proportion of total international trade 5.盡管公司的日常管理工作下放到跨國(guó)企業(yè)的子公司，但重要決策，如有關(guān)公司和新投資等都由母公司來(lái)決定。

although the day-to-day running of corporate operations may be decentralized to the affiliate mncs, the major decisions, such at those on corporate goals and new investments are made by the parent company 6.無(wú)論人們是否喜歡，經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化已成為世界經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展中的一個(gè)客觀趨勢(shì)。

like it or not, economic globalization has become an objective trend in world economic development

（五）1.在復(fù)雜的經(jīng)濟(jì)世界中，沒(méi)有一個(gè)國(guó)家可以完全自給自足。

in the complex economic world, no country can be completely self-sufficient 2.隨著制造業(yè)和技術(shù)的發(fā)展，出現(xiàn)了另一個(gè)刺激貿(mào)易的因素，即國(guó)際專業(yè)化。

with the development of manufacturing and technology, there arose another incentive for trade, ational specialization 3.按照比較利益學(xué)說(shuō)，兩個(gè)貿(mào)易伙伴均可從貿(mào)易中得到好處。

according to the theory on comparative advantage both trade partners can benefit from trade.4.比較利益并不是一個(gè)靜止的概念，一個(gè)國(guó)家可以通過(guò)自己的行為發(fā)展某種特定的比較利益。comparative advantage is not a static concept.a country may develop a particular comparative advantage through its own action 5.比較利益理論已成為現(xiàn)代國(guó)際貿(mào)易思想的基石。

the idea of comparative advantage has become the cornerstone of modern thinking on international trade

6.根據(jù)絕對(duì)利益理論，只有當(dāng)一個(gè)國(guó)家生產(chǎn)的某一商品對(duì)另一個(gè)國(guó)家具有絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)時(shí)，貿(mào)易才會(huì)發(fā)生。according to the absolute advantage theory, trade occurs only when each country has an absolute advantage over the other in the production of one commodity.（六）

1.一件商品的成本會(huì)因生產(chǎn)規(guī)模擴(kuò)大而減小。

the cost of a product will decrease with the expansion of production scale 2.在實(shí)際中，即使完全的專業(yè)化在經(jīng)濟(jì)上有利，也可能永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)發(fā)生。

in reality, complete specialization may never take place even though it is economically advantageous

3.配額或者說(shuō)數(shù)量限制是最常見(jiàn)的關(guān)稅壁壘。

quotas or quantitative restrictions are the most common form of non-tariff barriers 4.國(guó)家從事貿(mào)易種類是多樣的，復(fù)雜的，往往是有形貿(mào)易和無(wú)形貿(mào)易的混合。

the kinds of trade nations engage in are varied and complex, often a mixture of visible and invisible trade.5.貿(mào)易不是建立在兩個(gè)國(guó)家生產(chǎn)能力上而是建立在不同的消費(fèi)偏好上。trade will be based not on difference in the production capabilities of the two countries but on different consumption preferences 6.各國(guó)政府經(jīng)常采取的貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義措施是貿(mào)易壁壘，典型的例子是關(guān)稅和配額。

protectionist measures which are often taken by governments are also barriers to trade and typical examples are tariffs and quotas.7.由于戰(zhàn)略或國(guó)內(nèi)的原因，一個(gè)國(guó)家可能繼續(xù)生產(chǎn)不具備優(yōu)勢(shì)的產(chǎn)品。

for strategic or domestic reasons, a country may continue to produce goods for which it does not have an advantage 8.有形貿(mào)易指貨物的進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易而無(wú)形貿(mào)易涉及的是國(guó)家間的勞務(wù)交換。visible trade,.which involves the import and export of goods，there is also invisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between countries.（七）

1.包裝需按運(yùn)輸?shù)囊筮M(jìn)行，在大多數(shù)情況下，賣方明確知道把貨物安全地運(yùn)到目的地所需要的包裝。packing should be made according to the requirement of most cases, the seller knows clearly the particular type of packing required for transporting the goods safely to destination.2.在許可情況下，應(yīng)通知買方在賣方將貨物啟運(yùn)之時(shí)或之前安排驗(yàn)貨。除非合同另有規(guī)定，否則賣方必須支付為其自身利益而安排的驗(yàn)貨費(fèi)用。

in many cases, the buyer shall be notified to go through the inspection of goods at or before the time of otherwise specified, the buyer is supposed to undertake the charges of inspection thus incurred for his own sake.3.進(jìn)口商可以通過(guò)可轉(zhuǎn)讓的運(yùn)輸單據(jù)將貨物在運(yùn)輸途中賣給新的賣方，這類可轉(zhuǎn)讓單據(jù)用起來(lái)非常方便。very convenient for use the importer can sell the goods to a new buyer while they are being carried by means of negotiable shipping documents which are 5.2000年對(duì)國(guó)際貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)解釋通則的修改考慮了無(wú)關(guān)稅區(qū)的發(fā)展，商務(wù)活動(dòng)中電子通訊使用的增加以及運(yùn)輸方式的變化。the 2000 revision of incoterms took account of the spread of customs-free zones, the increased use of electronic communication, and the changes in transport practices 6.如果貨物丟失或受損或因某種原因沒(méi)有運(yùn)到，買賣雙方的信任就會(huì)下降可能會(huì)嚴(yán)重到引起法律糾紛的地步。if they are lost or damaged, or if delivery does not take place for some other reason, the climate of confidence between parties may degenerate to the point where a law suit is brought 7.買賣雙方在制定合同時(shí)，如果有理解一致的具體規(guī)則可供參考，他們就肯定簡(jiǎn)單可靠的確定各自的責(zé)任。if, when drawing up their contract, buyer and seller have some commonly understood rules to specifically refer to , they can be sure of defining their respective responsibilities simply and safely

(八)1.合同依法實(shí)施，未能履行合同義務(wù)的一方可能受到起訴，并被強(qiáng)制做出賠償。

a contract is enforceable by law, and the party that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued and forced to make compensation.2.口頭業(yè)務(wù)協(xié)商指的是面對(duì)面的直接談判或通過(guò)國(guó)際長(zhǎng)途電話進(jìn)行的商談。oral business negotiations refer to face-to-face discussions or those conducted through international trunk calls 3.買方發(fā)出的詢盤(pán)時(shí)為了獲得擬定購(gòu)商品的有關(guān)信息，它對(duì)發(fā)出詢盤(pán)的人無(wú)約束力。enquiries made by the buyer are to get information about the goods to be ordered and are not binding on the inquirer 4.有效期對(duì)于實(shí)盤(pán)是必不可少的。在規(guī)定的時(shí)間之前，或在被對(duì)方接受或拒絕之前發(fā)盤(pán)一直是有效的。the validity period is indispensable to a firm offer, that remains valid until a stipulated time or until it is accepted or rejected

5.還盤(pán)是對(duì)發(fā)盤(pán)的拒絕，一旦做出還盤(pán)，原報(bào)盤(pán)即將失效而失去約束力。

a counter-offer is a refusal of the offer which will be invalid and unbinding once a counter-offer is made

6.還盤(pán)可以針對(duì)發(fā)盤(pán)中的價(jià)格、付款條件、裝運(yùn)時(shí)間或其他條款而提出。a counter-offer may be made in relation to the price, terms of payments, time of shipment or other terms and conditions of the offer 7.合同背面的規(guī)定是合同的組成部分，對(duì)合同雙方同樣具有約束力the stipulations on the back of the contract are constituent parts of the contract and are equally binding upon the contraction parties

（九）1.對(duì)銷貿(mào)易一般是與有關(guān)國(guó)家的政治目標(biāo)相互聯(lián)系的，如應(yīng)對(duì)外匯短缺和擴(kuò)大出口之類的問(wèn)題。objectives in these countries as counter trade often takes place in less developed economies and in centrally planned economies, it is often related with policy 2.實(shí)際上，反向貿(mào)易指的是各種貨物和服務(wù)的直接交換。fundamentally, counter trade refers to the direct exchange of assorted kinds of goods and services

3.回購(gòu)貿(mào)易和互購(gòu)貿(mào)易之間另一個(gè)重要的區(qū)別在于回購(gòu)貿(mào)易一般比互購(gòu)貿(mào)易要延續(xù)更長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間。another important difference is that a buyback deal usually stretches over a longer period of time the a counter purchase deal 4.在正常的市場(chǎng)交易中，由于使用貨幣及市場(chǎng)手段，貨物的買與賣是分別進(jìn)行的。in normal market transactions buying and selling of goods are unbundled because of the use of money and the market

5.盡管有很多好處，反向貿(mào)易可能是風(fēng)險(xiǎn)很大的事。

despite all its advantage, counter trade can be very risky business

6.在其他貿(mào)易方式中還有加工貿(mào)易、寄售、租賃貿(mào)易、代理等。

among other modes of trade are processing trade, consignment, leasing trade, agency etc

7.對(duì)銷貿(mào)易成為一個(gè)將賣方的出口，從買方的進(jìn)口聯(lián)系起來(lái)的跨國(guó)界合同的術(shù)語(yǔ)總稱。counter trade has become the generic term to describe a set of cross-border contracts that link a seller’s exports to imports from the buyer

(十)1.在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中進(jìn)出口雙方都面臨風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，因?yàn)榭偞嬖趯?duì)不履約的可能。in international trade, both the exporter and importer face risks as there is always the possibility that the other party may fail to fulfil the contract

2.為處理國(guó)際貿(mào)易中的不同形勢(shì)，各種支付方法便發(fā)展了起來(lái)。various methods of payment have been developed to cope with different situations in international trade

3.許多國(guó)際交易是通過(guò)匯票支付的，匯票是對(duì)銀行是顧客的支付命令。a lot of international transactions are paid for by means of the draft, which is an order to a customers to pay

4.即期付款交單要求進(jìn)口商立即付款以取得單據(jù)。documents against payment at sight requires immediate payment by the importer to get hold of the documents

5.就出口商而言，即期付款交單比遠(yuǎn)期付款交單有利，付款交單比承兌交單有利。so far as the exporter’s interest is concerned d/p at sight is more favorable than d/p after sight, and d/p is more favorable than d/a

(十一)1.在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中，幾乎不可能使付款和實(shí)際交貨同時(shí)進(jìn)行。in international trade it is almost impossible to match payment with the physical delivery of the good

2.信用證付款方式對(duì)買賣雙方都提供保障。the method of payment by the letter of credit offers security to both the seller and the buyer

3.第一次世界大戰(zhàn)后，信用證得到了實(shí)質(zhì)性的發(fā)展。

credits had substantial development after the first world war

4.要么因?yàn)樾庞米C金額過(guò)大，要么因?yàn)閷?duì)開(kāi)證行不完全信任，出口商有時(shí)可能需要保兌的信用證。either because the credit amount is too large, or because he does not fully trust the opening bank, the exporter may sometimes require a confirmed letter of credit

5.信用證的形式、長(zhǎng)短、語(yǔ)言和規(guī)定各不相同。

letters of credit are varied in form, length, language and stipulations

6.雙邊保證是信用證獨(dú)特的具有代表性的特征。

the bilateral security is the unique and characteristic feature of the letter of credit 7.信用證不但保所購(gòu)貨物就是發(fā)票所開(kāi)或所裝運(yùn)的貨物。it does not guarantee that the goods purchased will be those invoiced or shipped

8.銀行只關(guān)心代表貨物的單據(jù)而不是所寄予的合同，銀行對(duì)于貨物是否符合合同不承擔(dān)法律責(zé)任。the banks are only concerned with the documents representing the goods instead of the underlying have no legal obligation whether the goods comply with the contract

(十二)1.信用證按其作用、形式和機(jī)制分作不同的種類。

letters of credit are classified into different types according to their function, form, and mechanism

2.光票信用證主要用于非貿(mào)易結(jié)算，而在商品貿(mào)易中一般使用跟單信用證付款。clean letters of credit are mainly used in non-trade settlement, while documentary credits are generally used in commodity trade

3.在即期信用證情況下，提示匯票和正確無(wú)誤的單據(jù)后便立即付款。in the case of sight credits, payment can be made promptly upon presentation of draft and impeccable shipping documents

5.如果信用證可以有原受益人轉(zhuǎn)讓給另一個(gè)或幾個(gè)人，那么這種信用證即為可轉(zhuǎn)讓信用證。a letter of credit is called transferable if it can be transferred by its original beneficiary to one or more parties 6.對(duì)于一筆具體交易來(lái)說(shuō)，信用證不一定是最理想的付款方式，締約雙方應(yīng)根據(jù)具體情況做出最好的選擇。the letter of credit may not be the most ideal method of payment for a particular transaction, and the contracting parties should make their best choice according to the specific conditions 7.如果允許分批裝運(yùn)，信用證可以同時(shí)轉(zhuǎn)讓給多個(gè)受益人。transferring a credit to more than one party at the same time is allowed provided partial shipments are permitted

(十三)1.在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中使用正確的單據(jù)很重要，否則進(jìn)口商提貨時(shí)會(huì)遇到困難。it is very important to use correct documents in international trade, otherwise the importer will have difficulties in taking delivery of the goods

2.商業(yè)發(fā)票，一般稱“發(fā)票”這種單據(jù)對(duì)貨物的質(zhì)量和數(shù)量以及單價(jià)和總價(jià)進(jìn)行概括性描述。the commercial invoice, generally called the invoice makes a general description of the quality, quantity, unit price, and total value of the goods

3.貨物在運(yùn)輸過(guò)程中可能發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)損失，需要辦理貨物保險(xiǎn)。it is necessary to insure the goods against the possible risks they are exposed to in the course of transportation.4.已裝船提單表明貨物已實(shí)際裝上開(kāi)往目的港的承運(yùn)船只。an on board bill of lading indicates that the goods have been actually loaded on board of the carrying vessel bound for the port of destination

5.清潔提單指貨物在表面狀況良好的情況下裝船，這意味著提單上未加任何有關(guān)包裝或貨物外表不良的批注。a clean bill of lading refers to one that indicates the goods have been shipped in apparent good order condition, which means it is devoid of any qualifying remarks about the packing and the outer appearance of the goods

6.簽發(fā)保險(xiǎn)單的日期可以早于提單的簽發(fā)日，但絕不能遲于提單簽發(fā)日。the date on which the document can be made earlier but by on means later than the date of the bill of lading

（十四）1.毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)，一個(gè)沒(méi)有先進(jìn)的運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)的社會(huì)仍然是一個(gè)原始落后的社會(huì)。there is no doubt that a society without an advanced transportation system remains primitive

2.這些方式在運(yùn)作特點(diǎn)和性能方面不同。從而使它們各有比較優(yōu)勢(shì)和劣勢(shì)，五種運(yùn)輸方式是水路、鐵路、公路、管道、航空。the modes differ in terms of operating characteristics and capabilities, giving them comparative advantages and five major modes are water, rail, truck, pipeline and air

3.過(guò)去10年，公司自己提供運(yùn)輸能力的傾向越來(lái)越大。the past decade has seen an increasing tendency among business firms to provide their own transportation capability.4.作為一個(gè)社會(huì)，我們現(xiàn)在的生活比完全自給自足時(shí)更富裕、更消閑。as a society, we enjoy a richer and more leisurely life than we would be in a totally self-sufficient community

5.最近幾年運(yùn)輸功能引人注目的另一個(gè)因素就是越來(lái)越多的使用零庫(kù)存系統(tǒng)，這種系統(tǒng)是以公司保持很少數(shù)量的生產(chǎn)投入為基礎(chǔ)的。another factor that has thrust transportation into the limelight in recent years is the growing utilization of just-in-time inventory systems, on the basis of a production approach in which the firm maintains very small quantities of production inputs

6.運(yùn)輸業(yè)可能更容易的集中原料和勞動(dòng)力的投入去生產(chǎn)某項(xiàng)產(chǎn)品。transportation allows the entrepreneur to assemble more easily the raw material and labor inputs needed to make a specific product

(十五)1.保險(xiǎn)是一種風(fēng)險(xiǎn)轉(zhuǎn)換機(jī)制通過(guò)保險(xiǎn)個(gè)人或企業(yè)可以將生活中一些不確定因素轉(zhuǎn)移給其他人。insurance is a risk transfer mechanism, by which the inspanidual or the business enterprise can shift some of the uncertainty of life to the shoulders of others

2.即使是在這種情況下，大多數(shù)公司寧可付已知的費(fèi)用即保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)用來(lái)轉(zhuǎn)移風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，而不愿面對(duì)不確定的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)損失。even under these circumstances, most of the firms prefer to pay a known cost or premium for the transfer of risk, rather than face the uncertainty of carrying the risk of loss 3.對(duì)企業(yè)來(lái)說(shuō)損失的價(jià)值要比個(gè)人高很多。因此，保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)也比一棟房子或一兩車高出許多。in the case of business enterprises,the values exposed to loss are usually much higher and the premium charged is substantially higher than that for a house or a car

4.企業(yè)投保的主要刺激時(shí)他們可以騰出資金，進(jìn)行其他項(xiàng)目的投資。the main stimulus to the enterprise is the release of funds for investment in the production of other items

5.因此，貨物保險(xiǎn)是一種目的在于把風(fēng)險(xiǎn)從進(jìn)口商和出口商的肩上轉(zhuǎn)移到轉(zhuǎn)敏承擔(dān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的保險(xiǎn)人一方的活動(dòng)。therefore, cargo insurance is an activity aiming at moving the burden of risk from the exporters and importers to the underwriters

6.通過(guò)向共同基金投保，投保方就得到了一旦遭受損失時(shí)要求從基金中得到賠償?shù)臋?quán)利。by paying a premium into an insurance pool, the assured earns the right to claim compensation from the pool, the assured earns the right to claim compensation from the pool should he suffer loss.（十六）

1.沒(méi)有可保利益的保險(xiǎn)合同是無(wú)效的，而任何根據(jù)這類合同提出的索賠都不會(huì)被受理。an insurance contract without an insurable interest to support it is invalid and any claim made upon it will not be entertained 2.盡管錯(cuò)誤的陳述是無(wú)意的，保險(xiǎn)人還是受到欺騙，從而保險(xiǎn)合同無(wú)效。even though the mis-statement is unintentional, the underwriter will still be deceived and the policy voidable.3.將受損失人的利益恢復(fù)到損害發(fā)生前的狀況的合同就是保險(xiǎn)合同。a contract of insurance is one which restores a person who has suffered a loss into the same position as he was in before the loss occurred

4.賠償金額一般包括發(fā)票金額加上運(yùn)輸費(fèi)用再加上保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)再加上一個(gè)商訂的百分比如10%。the compensation payable generally includes the invoiced cost plus freight, the insurance premium, and an agreed percentage, say 10%

5.如果投保的險(xiǎn)別不是造成損失的直接原因，保險(xiǎn)公司將不予賠償。the insurance company will not entertain the claim if the risk covered is not the proximate cause of the loss.6.每一份保險(xiǎn)合同都需要有可保利益的支持，否則它就是無(wú)效的，任何根據(jù)此合同提出的索賠都不會(huì)受理。every contract of insurance requires an insurable interest to support it, or otherwise it is invalid and any claim made upon it will not be entertained

7.若兩份保險(xiǎn)單承保同一事件，兩家保險(xiǎn)公司將按比例分?jǐn)倱p失賠償這恢復(fù)保險(xiǎn)人損失部分。if two policies do cover the same event, the insurance companies contribute pro rata to the loss, and the insured is only restored to the indemnity position

(十七)1.第一次世界大戰(zhàn)以前，金本位制建立了固定匯率制，每個(gè)國(guó)家通過(guò)將本國(guó)貨幣與黃金掛鉤來(lái)確定其貨幣的評(píng)價(jià)。before the first world war, the gold standard created a fixed exchange rate system as each country pegged the value of its currency to gold to establish its par value 2.1944年44國(guó)在美國(guó)布雷頓森林舉行會(huì)議簽署了協(xié)議，計(jì)劃在世界貿(mào)易和貨幣方面實(shí)現(xiàn)更好的合作。in 1944, 44 nations held a conference at bretton woods, u.s.a., to plan better cooperation in world trade and currency matter

3.彈性匯率從沒(méi)有真正地“干凈”或自由地浮動(dòng)過(guò)。因?yàn)橹醒脬y行為了穩(wěn)定匯率采取了各種措施對(duì)貨幣價(jià)格進(jìn)行干涉。the flexible exchange rate system has never been clean float or free float, because the central bank takes various measures to intervene in the price of its currency in order to stabilize the exchange rate 4.在特定條件下，提高利率可以吸引國(guó)外短期資金，提高一國(guó)的外匯匯率。under specific conditions, high interest rate will attract short-term international fund, increasing the exchange rate of one’s own currency 5.外匯匯率有三種形式，即：買進(jìn)匯率、售出匯率、和兩者的平均值----中間匯率。there are three types of foreign exchange price namely: the buying rate, the selling rate and the average of the previous two the medial rate

(十八)1.這些機(jī)構(gòu)的共同目標(biāo)是通過(guò)把發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的資金輸送到發(fā)展中國(guó)家?guī)椭@些國(guó)家提高生活水平。the common objective of these institutions is to help raise standards of living in developing countries by channeling financial resources to them from developed countries

2.國(guó)際復(fù)興開(kāi)發(fā)銀行的資金有相當(dāng)大一部分來(lái)自它的留存盈余以及償還貸款的不斷流入。a substantial contribution to the ibrd’s resources comes from its retained earnings and the flow of repayments on its loans

3.國(guó)際復(fù)興開(kāi)發(fā)銀行的貸款是向處于經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展較高階段的發(fā)展中國(guó)家提供的。the loans of ibrd are directed toward developing countries at more advanced stages of economic and social growth

4.國(guó)際貨幣基金組織旨在向那些在付款方面有困難的基金會(huì)員國(guó)提供中期貸款。the purpose of imf is to provide medium term loans to those members with payment difficulties

5.為了承擔(dān)這項(xiàng)使命，多邊投資擔(dān)保機(jī)構(gòu)向投資者提供擔(dān)保以防范非商業(yè)性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，向發(fā)展中成員國(guó)政府提供咨詢，并為國(guó)際商業(yè)界與東道國(guó)政府就投資問(wèn)題安排對(duì)話。to undertake this mission, mig offers investors guarantees against noncommercial risks, advises developing member governments on policies and sponsors dialogues between the international business community and host governments on investment issues.(十九)1.對(duì)外直接投資是國(guó)際投資的主要方式，一國(guó)居民為進(jìn)行督控和經(jīng)營(yíng)通過(guò)對(duì)外投資獲取另一國(guó)的資產(chǎn)。foreign direct investment is the major form of international investment, whereby residents of one country acquire assets in a foreign country for the purpose of controlling and managing them

2.控制成本是一些企業(yè)進(jìn)行對(duì)外投資的主要?jiǎng)訖C(jī)之一。而降低生產(chǎn)成本是考慮的一個(gè)重要發(fā)面。controlling costs is one of the major motivations for some enterprises to engage in lowering production costs is an important consideration

3.直接在國(guó)外經(jīng)營(yíng)提高一個(gè)公司產(chǎn)品的能見(jiàn)度，使當(dāng)?shù)乜蛻魧?duì)他們所購(gòu)買的商品更加放心。operating directly abroad enhances the visibility of a firm’s products, making local customers feel more assured about the things they buy

4.及時(shí)庫(kù)存管理系統(tǒng)的引進(jìn)能最大限度地降低庫(kù)存從而提高經(jīng)營(yíng)效率。the introduction of jit inventory management system can minimize the inventory of the stock so as to increase the efficiency of the operation

5.國(guó)外直接投資主要有三種形式：建立新企業(yè)、購(gòu)買現(xiàn)有設(shè)施和建立合資公司。fdi is mainly practiced in three forms: building new enterprises, purchasing existing facilities and forming joint ventures

(二十)1.選擇權(quán)是指在特定的時(shí)間內(nèi)按規(guī)定的價(jià)格購(gòu)買或出售一種證券的權(quán)利。options are contracts giving the right to buy or sell a security at an agreed price within a particular period of time 2.未掛牌證券市場(chǎng)是為了滿足已經(jīng)確立地位的，但是較小的，而且不太成熟的公司的需求而建立的。

the unlisted securities market is to meet the needs of established，but smaller，less mature companies 3.政府滿足公共部門(mén)借貸需求的方法之一就是出售金邊證券。one of the ways the government meets the public sector borrowing requirement is by selling gilt-edged stocks

4.通過(guò)為證券的發(fā)行和交易提供中心市場(chǎng)，股票交易所長(zhǎng)期為政府、工業(yè)以及投資商的需求服務(wù)。the stock exchange has long served the needs of government, industry and investors in providing the central market place for the issuing and trading of securities

5.國(guó)際股票交易所提供了一種途徑，使人們的存貨能夠?yàn)槟切┬枰Y金的人所利用。the international stock exchange provides a channel through which the savings can reach those who need finance

(二十一)1.關(guān)貿(mào)總協(xié)定體系(現(xiàn)為世界貿(mào)易組織)是通過(guò)一系列的貿(mào)易談判或回合發(fā)展起來(lái)的，它最初有三個(gè)基本目標(biāo)。the gatt system(now wto)was developed through a series of trade negotiations or originally had three basic goals

2.加入世界貿(mào)易組織對(duì)中國(guó)有益，因?yàn)樗鼘⒋龠M(jìn)中國(guó)的改革和發(fā)展，提高商品和服務(wù)的質(zhì)量，降低商品成本和服務(wù)費(fèi)用，刺激投資和創(chuàng)造就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)，改善法制。china’s wto accession will benefit china because it will help advance its reform and development, improve the quality and reduce the cost of goods and services, spur investment and the creation of new jobs, and promote the rule of law.3.世界貿(mào)易組織的主要目的是為了促進(jìn)自由貿(mào)易、進(jìn)一步減少貿(mào)易壁壘并建立更有效的貿(mào)易糾紛解決機(jī)制。the main objectives of wto are to promote free trade, further reduce trade barriers, and establish more effective trade dispute settlement procedures

爭(zhēng)端解決機(jī)制是當(dāng)今國(guó)際水準(zhǔn)上的最為活躍的體系而且對(duì)國(guó)際法的持續(xù)發(fā)展具有重大意義。the wto dispute settlement system is the most is the most active one today at the international level and has tremendous importance for the progressive development of international law.5.盡管中國(guó)取得了很大的成就，但仍然面臨巨大的挑戰(zhàn)。一部分挑戰(zhàn)和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)來(lái)自于農(nóng)業(yè)、銀行業(yè)和保險(xiǎn)業(yè)，還有一部分來(lái)自于一些國(guó)家所采取的貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義措施。despite all the achievements, china still faces big of the challenges and competition are from the agricultural sector and banking and insurance some are caused by the protectionist measures in some countries

（二十二）1.盡管第一次會(huì)議沒(méi)有制定出具體目標(biāo)，聯(lián)合國(guó)貿(mào)易和發(fā)展會(huì)議的總?cè)蝿?wù)是制定、協(xié)商和實(shí)施改善發(fā)展進(jìn)程的措施。although no specific objectives were laid down at the first conference, the general target of unctad is to formulate, negotiate and implement measures to improve the development process

2.在沒(méi)有有效協(xié)議的情況下，一旦出口收入下降，應(yīng)立即采用強(qiáng)制的合自動(dòng)的補(bǔ)救措施。in the absence of effective agreements, compulsory and automatic compensatory measures should be introduced as soon as there is a decline in export earnings

3.實(shí)際上西方國(guó)家在使低收入國(guó)家繁榮起來(lái)的同時(shí)，其對(duì)這些國(guó)家的出口將增加，因此也能獲得經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。the western nations would, in fact, also have an economic interest when they are bringing prosperity to the low-income countries, since their exports to these countries would thus be stepped up

4.國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)新秩序主要是要求發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家提供更多的現(xiàn)金和貿(mào)易發(fā)面的優(yōu)惠。the new international economic order is mainly a demand for more cash and trade concessions from the developed countries

5.貿(mào)易和發(fā)展理事會(huì)是聯(lián)合國(guó)貿(mào)易和發(fā)展會(huì)議的常設(shè)機(jī)構(gòu)。

a trade and development board is the permanent organ of the united nations conforence on trade and development

國(guó)際商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯考試篇三

unit2 4為了支持和促進(jìn)國(guó)際商務(wù)，公司和政府發(fā)展了各項(xiàng)有關(guān)服務(wù)，諸如建立銀行信貸協(xié)定、制定匯劃結(jié)算安排和締結(jié)國(guó)際郵政協(xié)定，從而保證國(guó)際商務(wù)的順利開(kāi)展和擴(kuò)大

in order to support and facilitate international business, companies and governments have developed services, such as establishment of bank credit agreements, make remittance settlement arrangements and international postal agreements conclusion, in order to ensure the smoothly development and expansion of international business

5在加劇的外國(guó)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的壓力下，為了維持競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，謀求生存和發(fā)展，公司不得不將其業(yè)務(wù)擴(kuò)展到國(guó)際市場(chǎng)，對(duì)國(guó)外銷售機(jī)會(huì)作出反應(yīng)，積極擴(kuò)大國(guó)際商務(wù)活動(dòng) under the pressure of foreign competition, in order to maintain competitiveness, to seek survival and development, the company will have to expand its business into the international market, respond quickly to many foreign sales opportunities, and actively expand the international business activities

unit3

1、許多國(guó)家和地區(qū)工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的巨大增長(zhǎng)

many countries and regions in the tremendous growth of industrial and agricultural production

2、導(dǎo)致工業(yè)國(guó)對(duì)食品和原材料的需求迅速增長(zhǎng)

in industrial countries on food and raw materials to the rapid growth of demand

3、增至十五倍的工業(yè)品進(jìn)口量

increased to fifteen times of industrial products imports

4、對(duì)發(fā)展中國(guó)家農(nóng)業(yè)出口產(chǎn)品需求的劇烈增長(zhǎng)

on developing agricultural export product demand sharp growth

5、對(duì)棉花和天然橡膠等原材料需求的減少

on cotton and natural rubber and other raw materials to reduce the demand

6、合成代用品生產(chǎn)的發(fā)展及其產(chǎn)量的增加

synthetic substitutes for production development and yield increase

7、有助于發(fā)展中國(guó)家的工業(yè)發(fā)展和經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)

contribute to developing industrial development and economic growth

8、國(guó)際貿(mào)易對(duì)各國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展重要的有益作用

international trade on the economic development of various countries important beneficial effect

9、有助于欠發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家制造業(yè)和制成品生產(chǎn)的發(fā)展

contribute to the less developed country manufacturing industry and the development of the production of manufactured goods

10、刺激和促進(jìn)發(fā)達(dá)與發(fā)展中國(guó)家間資本的流動(dòng)

to stimulate and promote the flow of capital between the developed and developing countries

11、新技術(shù)和新的管理技能的傳送手段

new technologies and new management skills transfer means

12、從國(guó)際貿(mào)易獲得巨大好處的欠發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家

from international trade have great benefits for the less developed countries

13、國(guó)際貿(mào)易與長(zhǎng)期經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展之間的關(guān)系

international trade and economic development of the relationship between

14、以更快的速度從發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家吸引先進(jìn)技術(shù)

faster speed in order to attract advanced technology from developed countries

1、國(guó)際貿(mào)易的產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展，促進(jìn)了各國(guó)再生產(chǎn)過(guò)程的正常運(yùn)行和不斷擴(kuò)大，提高了生產(chǎn)力水平，并促進(jìn)了生產(chǎn)國(guó)際化和資本國(guó)際化，以及提高其他方面的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展

the emergence of international trade and development, promote the process of reproduction and the normal operation to expand ceaselessly, improve the level of productivity, and promote the internationalization of production and capital internationalization, and improve other aspects of economic development

2、凱恩斯及其追隨者著重于出口對(duì)就業(yè)和收入的作用，他們認(rèn)為貿(mào)易順差可以擴(kuò)大支付手段，壓低利率，刺激物價(jià)上漲，增加投資，從而有助于國(guó)內(nèi)危機(jī)的緩和與就業(yè)的擴(kuò)大

keynes and his followers to focus on export of employment and income effects, they think the trade surplus could expand the means of payment, interest rates low, stimulate the price rise, increase investment, which contribute to the domestic crisis of relaxation and expansion of employment

3、另一些經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家認(rèn)為，國(guó)際貿(mào)易的興起和發(fā)展，會(huì)使商品的市場(chǎng)擴(kuò)大，從而推動(dòng)技術(shù)進(jìn)步和生產(chǎn)過(guò)程的改善，促進(jìn)產(chǎn)量增加，并使投資結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生變化，從而促進(jìn)整個(gè)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展

some economists think, international trade is arisen with development, can make commodity market to expand, thereby promoting technological progress and production process improvement, promoting yield increase, and make the investment structure changes, so as to promote the development of the national economy

4、發(fā)展中國(guó)家發(fā)展對(duì)外貿(mào)易導(dǎo)致外匯收入增加和外國(guó)先進(jìn)技術(shù)的引進(jìn)，它在彌補(bǔ)這些國(guó)家資本、促進(jìn)它們的技術(shù)進(jìn)步中起著重要的作用

in developing foreign trade in foreign exchange income increases in foreign countries and the introduction of advanced technology, which make the national capital, promote their technological progress plays an important role in

5、多年來(lái)，在吸收外資的同時(shí)，中國(guó)全力發(fā)展對(duì)外貿(mào)易，大量進(jìn)口精密的機(jī)械設(shè)備和尖端技術(shù)，大量出口各種工農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)品，有力地促進(jìn)了經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化的實(shí)現(xiàn)

over the years, in the absorption of foreign capital, china to develop foreign trade, large imports of sophisticated equipment and advanced technology, a large number of export all kinds of industrial and agricultural products, effectively promoted the economic development and the socialism modernization 國(guó)際貿(mào)易給各國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)帶來(lái)了巨大的利益。發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家需要全球貿(mào)易的自由化為本國(guó)企業(yè)開(kāi)拓更為廣闊的發(fā)展空間，發(fā)展中國(guó)家也紛紛把出口導(dǎo)向作為本國(guó)工業(yè)化的發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略。

美國(guó)是當(dāng)今世界上最大的進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易國(guó)，每年進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易達(dá)2萬(wàn)億美元，出口產(chǎn)業(yè)已成為美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的引擎，美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的1/3來(lái)自出口行業(yè)。

歐盟是當(dāng)今世界上最大的貿(mào)易集團(tuán)，每年進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易都占世界進(jìn)出口貿(mào)易的1/5左右。歐盟成員國(guó)之間的內(nèi)部貿(mào)易是歐盟一體化的重要經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)。

國(guó)際貿(mào)易對(duì)目標(biāo)市場(chǎng)國(guó)家尤為重要，隨著目標(biāo)市場(chǎng)國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和對(duì)外開(kāi)放，對(duì)外貿(mào)易在中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)中日益顯現(xiàn)，1999年，目標(biāo)市場(chǎng)國(guó)家國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值為8.2萬(wàn)億人民幣，全年進(jìn)出口總額3607億美元，其中出口總額1949億美元。進(jìn)出口總額相當(dāng)于全年國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的1/3以上。全國(guó)將近1/5的產(chǎn)品是直接用于出口的。2000年，目標(biāo)市場(chǎng)國(guó)家加入世界貿(mào)易組織，目標(biāo)市場(chǎng)國(guó)家的市場(chǎng)將更加開(kāi)放，目標(biāo)市場(chǎng)國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)與世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的聯(lián)系將更為緊密。

international trade to the economies of the countries brought great ped countries need to global trade liberalization for domestic enterprises to exploit more wide development space, developing countries are also seen as a native of export-oriented industrialization development united states is the world's largest import and export trading nation, import and export trade of $2 trillion a year, the export sector has become the economic growth of the engine, the american economic growth from exports 1/3 of the european union is now the world's largest trade group, import and export trade of the world each year are about 1/5 of the import and export european union member states of the european union between internal trade is an important economic integration international trade of the target market is particularly important to the country, with the goal market national economic development and opening to the outside world, the foreign trade of china's economy becomes increasingly, in 1999, the target market countries gdp for 8.2 trillion rmb, annual export total $360.7 billion, with total export value of 194.9 billion import and export volume throughout the year is equivalent to more than a third of 1/5 of the product is directly used for 2000, the target market countries to join the world trade organization, target market markets will more open, target market economy country linked to the world economy will be more 4

1、非關(guān)稅貿(mào)易壁壘對(duì)國(guó)家經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)的影響

non-tariff trade barriers on the influence of the national business activities

2、求助非關(guān)稅貿(mào)易壁壘以保護(hù)其缺乏競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的產(chǎn)業(yè)

resort to non-tariff trade barriers to protect their lack of competitiveness of the industry

3、把相當(dāng)大的注意力放在消除國(guó)際貿(mào)易的障礙上

the considerable attention to eliminate barrier to international trade

4、阻礙國(guó)際商品和服務(wù)的自由流動(dòng)

block international products and services to the free flow of

5、旨在放寬對(duì)進(jìn)口商品限制的法規(guī)條例

aims to relax restrictions on imports of the legislation

6、對(duì)來(lái)自發(fā)展中國(guó)家的某些產(chǎn)品實(shí)施進(jìn)口配額

from developing countries to some of the product implementation import quotas

7、對(duì)生產(chǎn)重要出口商品的廠商給予特惠

production of an important export manufacturers give preferential

8、估計(jì)每年達(dá)200億美元的該國(guó)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品出口銷售額

estimated $20 billion a year in the country's agricultural product export sales

9、歧視來(lái)自發(fā)展中國(guó)家的中、低檔紡織品

discrimination from developing countries, and low in textiles

10、把某些國(guó)家排除在得到優(yōu)惠的國(guó)家之外

put some countries out of the country get preferential outside

11、干擾各國(guó)間正常的交易和經(jīng)貿(mào)關(guān)系

interference between countries of the normal trade and economic relations

12、反對(duì)美國(guó)對(duì)來(lái)自該亞洲國(guó)家的進(jìn)口貨征收抵消關(guān)稅

for the opposition to the united states from asian countries import tariffs on offset

13、由減少貿(mào)易潛在利益的進(jìn)口限制所造成的扭曲

by reducing the potential benefits of trade import restriction by the distortion

14、約略計(jì)算外國(guó)商品需求曲線的彈性

roughly calculated foreign goods the elasticity of the demand curve

1、非關(guān)稅壁壘是指以進(jìn)口數(shù)量限制為特點(diǎn)的貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義措施，它們被發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家和有些發(fā)展中國(guó)家用來(lái)干擾和阻礙商品和服務(wù)在國(guó)際間的自由流動(dòng)

non-tariff barrier refers to the limitation of import quantity characteristics of protectionist measures, they are developed countries and some developing countries have used to interference and prevent goods and services in the free flow of international 2、70年代中期以來(lái)，由于世界性經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)爆發(fā)，加上國(guó)際市場(chǎng)爭(zhēng)奪加劇，因而發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家不得不求助于旨在限制進(jìn)口的非關(guān)稅壁壘，力圖克服困難

since the mid 70 s, due to the world economic crisis, with the international market for increased, so have to turn to developed countries to import restrictions of non-tariff barriers, trying to overcome the difficulties

3、非關(guān)稅壁壘同關(guān)稅壁壘一樣，起到限制進(jìn)口、引起進(jìn)口國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)物價(jià)上漲的作用，加重了西方發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家人民的負(fù)擔(dān)

non-tariff barriers with tariff barriers, a way to limit imports, domestic market prices caused by importing countries and the role of the western developed countries increase people's burden

4、近年來(lái)，美國(guó)實(shí)施的一些貿(mào)易政策和條例對(duì)中國(guó)加以歧視，并對(duì)中國(guó)向美國(guó)出口的一些產(chǎn)品實(shí)行嚴(yán)格限制

in recent years, the implementation of trade policy and regulations about some chinese to discrimination, and chinese exports to the us to some of the products shall be strictly limited

5、在未來(lái)的日子里,美國(guó)和其他西方國(guó)家仍然可能對(duì)中國(guó)紡織品等勞動(dòng)密集型產(chǎn)品出口的限制,中國(guó)將堅(jiān)決反對(duì)

in the future, the united states and other western countries still likely to chinese textiles and other labor-intensive products export restrictions imposed, china will firmly opposed to this

非關(guān)稅壁壘是指一個(gè)國(guó)家運(yùn)用配額制、許可證等一系列非關(guān)稅手段而實(shí)行的限制進(jìn)口措施。

非關(guān)稅壁壘在資本主義發(fā)展初期已出現(xiàn)，但到了本世紀(jì)30年代資本主義世界性經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)爆發(fā)時(shí)，非關(guān)稅壁壘才作為貿(mào)易壁壘的重要組成部分廣泛的盛行。第二次世界大戰(zhàn)后初期，許多資本主義國(guó)家仍然實(shí)行嚴(yán)格的限制進(jìn)口措施，但從50年代到70年代初，發(fā)達(dá)資本主義國(guó)家除了大幅度降低關(guān)稅外，還放寬和取消非關(guān)稅壁壘，擴(kuò)大進(jìn)口自由化，放寬和取消外匯管制，促進(jìn)了國(guó)際貿(mào)易的擴(kuò)展。但是，從70年代中期以來(lái)，在兩次世界性經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)衰退的沖擊下，發(fā)達(dá)資本主義國(guó)家貿(mào)易戰(zhàn)越演越烈，它們競(jìng)相采取非關(guān)稅限制商品進(jìn)口，對(duì)世界貿(mào)易和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展產(chǎn)生巨大的不利影響。

non-tariff barriers is refers to a country quotas, license and a series of use of the means of non-tariff measures to restrict -tariff barriers in the capitalist development initial period already appear, but in this century 30 s capitalism worldwide economic crisis hit, non-tariff barriers to trade barriers as an important part of the widely second world war ii's early days, many of the capitalist countries still strict measures to restrict imports, but from the 70 s to the s, the developed capitalist countries in addition to greatly reduce tariff outside, still relax and cancellation of non-tariff barriers, expand import liberalization, relax and cancel the foreign exchange control, promote the expansion of international , from the 70 s, which, after two world economic crisis under the impact of recession, the developed capitalist countries trade war turned ugly, they compete to take non-tariff limit merchandise imports, for the world trade and economic development has great 5

1、按既定的公司方針開(kāi)始處理出口訂單

according to the established company policy began to deal with the export order

2、仔細(xì)查對(duì)和記錄出口商所收到的訂單的來(lái)源

carefully check and record received the order of exporters source

3、出口商必須充分了解外國(guó)顧客的要求

the exporter must fully understand the foreign customer requirements

4、對(duì)進(jìn)口商的信用進(jìn)行認(rèn)真的審查 to the credit of carefully review

5、得到一份關(guān)于買方信用狀況的信用報(bào)告

get a about the buyer credit status credit reports

6、買方與賣方就銷售條款個(gè)條件進(jìn)行洽商

the buyer and the seller is sales terms and conditions for you

7、出口合同中說(shuō)明的買賣雙方的義務(wù)

export contract that buyers and sellers of the obligations

8、出口合同中說(shuō)明的產(chǎn)品、價(jià)格、交貨方法等條款

export contract of that product, price, delivery methods of such provisions

9、出口貨物在商定的交貨地點(diǎn)合理交付

export of goods in the agreed delivery place reasonable delivery

10、出口貨物在商定的發(fā)貨地點(diǎn)準(zhǔn)時(shí)發(fā)貨

export of goods in the agreed delivery location delivery on time

11、出口貨物的所有權(quán)在交貨地點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移

the ownership of the export goods in delivery place transfer

12、取得進(jìn)口許可證以符合進(jìn)口國(guó)的進(jìn)口條例

import license is obtained in accordance with regulations of the importer import

13、貨物達(dá)到目的地后通過(guò)海關(guān)對(duì)貨物的處理

to reach the destination by the customs after the goods to the processing of goods

14、完成出口交易所需要的各種單據(jù)的獲得

complete export exchange needs of the various documents obtained

1、為了高效率地將貨物移動(dòng)到進(jìn)口國(guó)，出口企業(yè)必須履行包含出口交易中一系列活動(dòng)的三項(xiàng)必不可少的職能 in order to move the goods to the high efficiency of importing countries, export enterprise must perform a series of activities include export transactions of the three indispensable function

2、在進(jìn)行一項(xiàng)出口交易之前，出口商必須或者通過(guò)一份國(guó)際信用報(bào)告審查新顧客的財(cái)務(wù)和信用狀況，或者復(fù)查老顧客的信用狀況和支付記錄。

in a before export transactions, the exporter must or through an international credit report on the financial and new customer review credit conditions, or the old customer credit conditions and payment records.3、作為出口過(guò)程的重要組成部分，進(jìn)口商和出口商必須就銷售條款和條件、雙方的義務(wù)以及銷售合同的其他條款進(jìn)行洽商

as an important part of the process of export, the exporters and importers will have to sales terms and conditions, the obligations of the parties and the other clauses of the sales contract negotiations

4、進(jìn)口商和出口商之間就銷售條款和條件所達(dá)成的協(xié)議成為一個(gè)有約束力的合同，它經(jīng)過(guò)買賣雙方以書(shū)面形式確認(rèn)后就是雙方都能接受的確定的承諾。

the exporters and importers is between sales terms and conditions that the agreement as a binding contract, it after both parties after confirmed in writing form is mutually acceptable determined commitment.5、在整個(gè)出口過(guò)程中，常常要求進(jìn)口商取得一份進(jìn)口許可證，有時(shí)還有一份外匯許可證，以符合進(jìn)口國(guó)的進(jìn)口條例，并使貨物能順利地到達(dá)進(jìn)口商。

in the whole process of export, often calls importers have a import license, and sometimes also a foreign exchange license to comply with the regulations of the importer import, and make the goods can smoothly to the 6

1、充當(dāng)許多美國(guó)制造商的出口銷售部

act as many american manufacturers export sales department

2、利用銷售代理人網(wǎng)絡(luò)促進(jìn)國(guó)外銷售

use sales agent network to promote the foreign sales

3、制定市場(chǎng)策略和安排貨運(yùn)和海關(guān)單證

make a market strategy and arrange transportation and customs in the documents

4、從對(duì)最終的國(guó)外顧客的銷售上取得利潤(rùn)

the final customers from foreign sales make a profit

5、充當(dāng)托銷代理商的一些美國(guó)出口經(jīng)營(yíng)公司

acts as a consignment of some american export agent operating companies

6、在買賣雙方之間履行尋求貨源或批發(fā)的職能

between the parties to perform the functions of the source or seek wholesale

7、向賣方或買方收取一定百分率的傭金

the seller or the buyer to charge a percentage of the commission

8、把按低于批發(fā)價(jià)購(gòu)進(jìn)的貨物轉(zhuǎn)賣出去

according to the lower than the wholesale price of purchased goods sold out

9、初次進(jìn)入全球市場(chǎng)的一種快速和低成本的方法

first entering the global market a rapid and low cost method

10、在全球銷售和經(jīng)銷產(chǎn)品的外國(guó)貿(mào)易公司

in the global sales and distribution of foreign trade company products

11、提供最佳市場(chǎng)策略和售后顧客服務(wù)

providing the best market strategy and after-sales service to your customers

12、了解市場(chǎng)、風(fēng)俗和顧客期望的當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)銷商

understand the market, customs and customer expectations of local dealers

13、繞過(guò)貿(mào)易公司和經(jīng)銷商而直接向顧客售貨

around the trade company and dealers directly to customers and sales

14、用作全球貿(mào)易銷售渠道之一的合資企業(yè)

used as a global trade sales channel, one of the joint venture

1、國(guó)際貿(mào)易中的銷售渠道，是指商品從一個(gè)國(guó)家的生產(chǎn)企業(yè)流向國(guó)外的最終消費(fèi)者或用戶的流通過(guò)程，是商品所有權(quán)的轉(zhuǎn)移必須經(jīng)過(guò)的中間商機(jī)構(gòu)。

in international trade sales channel, is refers to the goods from a state production enterprise going abroad final consumer or users of the distribution process, the transfer of ownership is goods must pass the middlemen institutions.2、在國(guó)際商品流通過(guò)程中，銷售渠道的通暢與否和效率高低直接影響到商品的銷售速度、產(chǎn)品利潤(rùn)和市場(chǎng)份額。

in international commodity circulation process, sales channel unobstructed or not directly affects the efficiency and product sales speed, product profits and market share.3、一家出口經(jīng)營(yíng)公司充當(dāng)許多制造公司的出口銷售部，它或者從制造公司直接購(gòu)貨、并按獨(dú)立經(jīng)營(yíng)的原則轉(zhuǎn)銷國(guó)外，或者進(jìn)行代銷。

an export business company act as many manufacturing company export sales, it from a manufacturing company directly or purchase, and according to the principle of independent business presenting abroad, or for sale on a commission basis.4、按逐案的原則充當(dāng)獨(dú)立銷售代理商的出口貿(mào)易公司，在買賣雙方之間履行尋求貨源或批發(fā)的職能，不對(duì)交易的任何一方承擔(dān)責(zé)任。

according to the principle of independence zhuan as the sales agent of export trade company, between the parties to perform the functions of the source or seek wholesale, no transaction of any party liable.5、由于東道國(guó)的當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)銷商對(duì)當(dāng)?shù)厥袌?chǎng)狀況及社會(huì)、經(jīng)濟(jì)、環(huán)境很熟悉，并能執(zhí)行最佳市場(chǎng)策略，辦理售后顧客服務(wù)，所以他們被許多制造公司用作促進(jìn)外銷的渠道。

due to the host of the local dealers of the local market situation and the society, economy and environment is very familiar with, and can perform best marketing strategy, after-sales service for customers, so they are many manufacturing company used as promote the export channel.在國(guó)際貿(mào)易領(lǐng)域中，出口國(guó)生產(chǎn)企業(yè)生產(chǎn)出來(lái)的產(chǎn)品，并非直接送達(dá)進(jìn)口國(guó)的消費(fèi)者，而必須先經(jīng)過(guò)分銷過(guò)程，也就是中間的銷售渠道。進(jìn)入分銷過(guò)程的產(chǎn)品，不僅僅經(jīng)過(guò)裝卸和運(yùn)輸，更重要的是，產(chǎn)品均要通過(guò)中間的分銷渠道，包括商人、中間商及代理中間商，既幫助產(chǎn)品實(shí)物的移動(dòng)，又幫助產(chǎn)品所有權(quán)的轉(zhuǎn)移，從而使產(chǎn)品進(jìn)入國(guó)際市場(chǎng)，最后達(dá)到進(jìn)口國(guó)的最終消費(fèi)者或用戶，實(shí)現(xiàn)出口國(guó)生產(chǎn)企業(yè)的最終目標(biāo)。

國(guó)際市場(chǎng)是一個(gè)具有多層次的復(fù)雜的市場(chǎng)，也是一個(gè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)激烈的市場(chǎng)。因此，企業(yè)認(rèn)真了解國(guó)際銷售渠道的模式，根據(jù)國(guó)際銷售渠道中常見(jiàn)中間商的業(yè)務(wù)性質(zhì)和范圍，從而制定科學(xué)的營(yíng)銷渠道管理方式，對(duì)有效地進(jìn)入國(guó)際市場(chǎng)具有重要意義。in the field of international trade, the exporter production enterprise of produce products, not directly to importers in the consumer, and must first after distribution process, also is the middle of the sales the product distribution process, not only after handling and transportation, more important is, products through the middle of the distribution channels, including businessmen, middlemen and agency middlemen, both helped the movement of the product, and help the transfer of ownership of the products, thus we make our products to enter the international market, and finally reach the final consumer or importing user, realize the ultimate goal of the exporter production international market has a multi-level complex market, is also a competitive ore, the enterprise down to the international sales channel model, according to the international sales channel of middlemen common nature of the business and range, which make scientific channel management way, to effectively to enter the international market is of great 7

1、賣方在他自己的工廠或倉(cāng)庫(kù)將貨物交給買方

the seller in his own factory or warehouse the goods to the vendee

2、賣方必須將貨物交給由買方指定的承運(yùn)人

the seller shall deliver the goods to the carrier of the designated by the buyer

3、裝船和啟運(yùn)后發(fā)生的事件所引起的貨物滅失或毀損

shipment after shipment and the events of the goods caused by the loss or damage

4、負(fù)擔(dān)將貨物運(yùn)至目的地國(guó)家所需的一切費(fèi)用和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)

burden the goods to the destination country for all their expenses and risks

5、支付將貨物運(yùn)至指定目的地港所必須的費(fèi)用和運(yùn)費(fèi)

pay for the goods to the designated destination port of cost and freight must be

6、辦理買方貨物在運(yùn)輸途中滅失或損壞風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的海運(yùn)保險(xiǎn)

handle the buyer of goods in transit loss of or damage to the marine insurance risks

7、交出辦理了出口清關(guān)手續(xù)的貨物時(shí)即完成交貨

hand over to deal with export clearance of goods delivery is completed

8、賣方負(fù)擔(dān)的一切風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和費(fèi)用，包括關(guān)稅、稅捐及其他費(fèi)用

the sellers shall bear all the risks and costs, including taxes, tariffs, and other fees

9、當(dāng)貨物在制定裝運(yùn)港越過(guò)船舷時(shí)即完成交貨

when the goods in making across the ship's rail at the port of shipment delivery is completed

10、按cip術(shù)語(yǔ)由賣方訂立保險(xiǎn)合同并支付保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)

according to the cip term insurance contracts entered into by the seller and pay insurance premium

11、每件為10美元cif馬尼拉的10000件電子計(jì)算器

for $10 per piece cif manila 10000 pieces of the electronic calculator

12、請(qǐng)給予本公司cfr天津報(bào)盤(pán)，并連同一切詳情

please give the company cfr tianjin offer, and along with all the details

13、最低的cif廣州價(jià)格，說(shuō)明裝運(yùn)期及付款條件

the lowest price cif guangzhou that shipment and terms of payment

14、本公司報(bào)鳳凰牌自行車是每輛55美元cfr紐約

the company reported the phoenix brand bicycle is $55 per car cfr new york

1、貿(mào)易術(shù)語(yǔ)被用來(lái)說(shuō)明出口價(jià)格的構(gòu)成和在貨物由賣方交付買方的過(guò)程中，買賣雙方有關(guān)手續(xù)、費(fèi)用和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的責(zé)任劃分。

trade terms be used to explain the structure of the export prices in the goods delivered by the seller and the buyer of the process, both parties, relevant formalities, expenses and risk responsibility spanided.2、按cif術(shù)語(yǔ)，賣方還必須自行負(fù)擔(dān)費(fèi)用，向買方提供包括運(yùn)輸單據(jù)和保險(xiǎn)單據(jù)在內(nèi)的全套裝運(yùn)單據(jù)。

according to the cif term, the seller is obliged to bear the cost, including transport documents provided to buyer and insurance documents, the full set of shipping documents.3、假如我們?cè)赾fr基礎(chǔ)上同你交易，那你能從cif價(jià)格上減少多少，以便我們進(jìn)行比較

if we are in cfr basis trade with you, that you can from the cif price how much less, so that we are compared

4、貴公司能否給予永久牌26英寸自行車報(bào)盤(pán)？請(qǐng)按每次最低訂貨量10000輛為基礎(chǔ)報(bào)cif紐約最低價(jià)。

your company can be given permanent card 26 inches bicycle offer? please press the minimum quantity for each 10000 cars based quote your lowest price cif new york.5、本公司可按下列條款報(bào)價(jià)： 商品：hl302型彈子抽屜鎖

價(jià)格：每件5美元上海工廠交貨價(jià) 每年最低訂貨量：100000件 包裝：紙板箱

支付：用不可撤銷的即期信用證付款 交貨：收到信用證后60天內(nèi)

our company can offer to the following conditions: commodities: hl302 type billiards drawer lock price: $5 each shanghai factory delivery price the minimum order quantity each year: 100000 packing: cartons are payment: by irrevocable letter of credit at sight delivery: within 60 days after receipt of your l/c

練習(xí)1、1980年，低收入發(fā)展中國(guó)家國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的年平均增長(zhǎng)率為5.9%，與此相比，中等收入國(guó)家為3.5%，工業(yè)化國(guó)家為1.4% in 1980, low-income developing countries the average annual gdp growth rate of 5.9%, compared with the middle-income countries is 3.5%, and the industrialized countries of 1.4%

2、這條鐵路的建成和通車將有助于中國(guó)西南地區(qū)同沿海地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)交流的擴(kuò)大和整個(gè)西南地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展和繁榮

the railway construction and open to traffic will help with coastal areas in southwest china economic exchanges and the expansion of the southwest region economic development and prosperity

3、因國(guó)外市場(chǎng)需求銳減所造成的這個(gè)欠發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況的特點(diǎn)是：出口大幅度下降、工農(nóng)業(yè)減產(chǎn)、失業(yè)人數(shù)激增和國(guó)際收支逆差擴(kuò)大 for the foreign market demand caused by the sharp underdeveloped countries in the economic status of the features are: exports dropped substantially, the industrial and agricultural yields, unemployment surged and international balance of payments deficit to expand

4、這家大型的超市的管理部門(mén)了解到雇員們最熟悉經(jīng)營(yíng)管理存在的問(wèn)題，所以決定在改善經(jīng)營(yíng)管理中更多地依靠廣大雇員，而不是只依靠少數(shù)管理人員

the large supermarket management department to employees know the most familiar with business management problems, so i decided to improve management in more depend on the employees, and not just rely on a few management personnel

5、這位著名的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家在一次學(xué)術(shù)報(bào)告中指出，民營(yíng)企業(yè)憑借其廣泛分布在全國(guó)各地的為數(shù)眾多的企業(yè)戶數(shù)和人員以及巨大的資金和生產(chǎn)設(shè)施，能在國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)中起到重要作用

the famous economist in an academic report, the private enterprise with its widely distributed throughout the numerous enterprise of households and staff and huge capital and production facilities, can in the country's economic construction and plays a role 6、2004年，由于美國(guó)經(jīng)常項(xiàng)目收支和財(cái)政收支存在巨額赤字，國(guó)際金融市場(chǎng)大量拋售美元，導(dǎo)致美元相對(duì)于別國(guó)貨幣的不斷貶值。in 2004, due to the us current project payments and the existing financial revenue and expenditure huge deficits, international financial market heavy selling dollars, lead to on other countries of the dollar against the depreciating currency.7、那個(gè)亞洲國(guó)家的金融當(dāng)局最近公布的外匯管理?xiàng)l例，其目的主要在于打擊外匯投機(jī)活動(dòng)、穩(wěn)定外匯市場(chǎng)。

the asian financial authorities recently published foreign exchange management regulations, it aim is to attack foreign exchange speculation, stable foreign exchange market.8、當(dāng)時(shí)許多美國(guó)大公司的最高管理人員指出，美國(guó)政府限制向中國(guó)出口高科技產(chǎn)品不僅對(duì)中國(guó)而且對(duì)美國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)也帶來(lái)了巨大的傷害。

at the time, many american big company's top management researchers point out, the united states limits exports to china not only to china's and high-tech products to the y with great damage.9、2003年末，這位前外經(jīng)貿(mào)部副部長(zhǎng)應(yīng)一所著名大學(xué)的邀請(qǐng)，專職擔(dān)任該校管理學(xué)院院長(zhǎng)

by the end of 2003, the former vice minister of foreign trade and economic cooperation shall be a famous university invitation, full-time as the dean of school of management

10、由于美國(guó)限制歐盟的一些農(nóng)產(chǎn)品向美國(guó)出口，歐盟可能對(duì)從美國(guó)進(jìn)口的一些農(nóng)產(chǎn)品實(shí)行限制，進(jìn)行報(bào)復(fù)。

because the united states limit the some of the agricultural exports to the us, the eu may be imported from the united states to limit some of the agricultural products, for revenget

11、隨著中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速發(fā)展，從鋁到洗衣機(jī)，擁有13億人口、約占世界人口1/5的中國(guó)在世界商品和產(chǎn)品消費(fèi)中所占比率日益上升。

along with the rapid development of china's economy, the aluminum to washing machine, has a population of 1.3 billion, accounts for about 1/5 of the world population in world merchandise and china proportion of consumer products is increasing day by day.12、那年秋季，美國(guó)國(guó)務(wù)卿與中國(guó)外交部長(zhǎng)在紐約會(huì)晤時(shí)討論了一系列重要的雙邊和國(guó)際問(wèn)題，著重于中國(guó)加入世貿(mào)組織問(wèn)題

that year autumn, the united states secretary of state and the chinese foreign minister when they met in new york to discuss a series of important bilateral and international issues, mainly in china to join the world trade organization

13、中國(guó)恢復(fù)在聯(lián)合國(guó)的合法席位后，有權(quán)獲得世界銀行提供的貸款，用以為重要的經(jīng)濟(jì)和文化建設(shè)項(xiàng)目提供資金。

china resumed the lawful seat at the united nations, have the right to obtain the world bank's loan is used for important economic and cultural construction project provide the funds.14、作為一家制造尖端產(chǎn)品的高技術(shù)企業(yè)，這家合資企業(yè)有權(quán)獲得本國(guó)貨幣和外幣優(yōu)惠貸款，以保證發(fā)展生產(chǎn)的資金需要。as a manufacturing state-of-the-art product of high technology enterprise, the joint venture shall have the right to obtain their currencies and foreign currency preferential loans, to ensure that the development of production need for the funds.15、那年，在聯(lián)合國(guó)大會(huì)上，這個(gè)發(fā)展中國(guó)家的代表強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)少數(shù)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家提出的目的是在國(guó)際貿(mào)易領(lǐng)域歧視發(fā)展中國(guó)家的提案。

that year, at the un general assembly, the representative of the developing countries strongly against a few developed countries is put forward in the purpose of international trade field discrimination of the developing countries in the 8 出口公司完成產(chǎn)品向消費(fèi)或使用地的輸送和裝卸 海洋、航空、鐵路、卡車和內(nèi)河這五種基本運(yùn)輸方式 運(yùn)輸方式的選擇取決于費(fèi)用、時(shí)間和安全的全面考慮 運(yùn)費(fèi)較低和貨運(yùn)量大是海洋運(yùn)輸?shù)膬蓚€(gè)基本特點(diǎn) 國(guó)際貨運(yùn)中發(fā)展最快和日見(jiàn)重要的空運(yùn)

在美國(guó)出口貿(mào)易中占較小份額的鐵路和卡車運(yùn)輸 在一些歐洲國(guó)家間裝運(yùn)巨量貨物的內(nèi)河運(yùn)輸 由熟悉運(yùn)輸條件的出口商最終選擇貨運(yùn)的確切路線 保護(hù)貨物從銷售者向購(gòu)買者輸送中免遭滅失或損壞 賠償貨物在運(yùn)往國(guó)外過(guò)程中所遭受的滅失或損壞

因貨物安全到達(dá)而受益或因貨物滅失、損壞或滯留而受損 該出口企業(yè)保持一家可靠的海上保險(xiǎn)公司的云頂保險(xiǎn)單 改航空公司對(duì)有些裝運(yùn)的貨物提供有限的保險(xiǎn)范圍 出口商按到岸價(jià)格向買主報(bào)價(jià)時(shí)必須提供海上保險(xiǎn)

complete product export company to consumption or use of land transportation and handling marine, aviation, railways, trucks and inland the five basic transportation the choice of the ways of transportation cost, time and safety depends on the comprehensive consideration the freight is low and the freight volume is big ocean transportation two basic characteristics international freight the fastest-growing and became more and more important air freight in the united states export trade accounts for smaller share of the railway and a truck in some european countries a huge amount of goods shipment inland transport by the familiar transportation conditions of the final choice of the exact exporters shipping route protect the goods from the seller to the buyer in conveying from loss or damage compensation in goods shipped abroad in the process of loss or damage sustained by the for the goods arrived safely and benefit for the loss, damage or goods or stranded and be damaged the export enterprise keep a reliable marine insurance company's genting insurance policy change airlines to some of loading of the goods, provide insurance coverage according to the price ers to buyers when quote must provide marine insurance

1、鐵路運(yùn)輸在出口貿(mào)易中載運(yùn)量最大，運(yùn)輸速度快，不易受季節(jié)、氣候條件的影響，可常年地、定期的、有規(guī)律的和準(zhǔn)確的進(jìn)行

railway transportation in export trade volume in the largest, transportation speed, is not easy to get season, climate condition the influence, but all the land, and regular, regular and accurate

2、航空公司運(yùn)輸能保證體積小、重量輕、價(jià)值高和時(shí)間性強(qiáng)的貨物迅速、準(zhǔn)時(shí)到達(dá)目的地，它在國(guó)際貿(mào)易運(yùn)輸中所占的比重不斷上升

airline transportation can guarantee the small volume, light weight, high value and timeliness strong goods quickly, to their destination on time, it in the transport of international trade the proportion of the rising

3、在外貿(mào)運(yùn)輸過(guò)程中，因運(yùn)輸工具發(fā)生意外事故而使貨物遭受全損或部分損失，保險(xiǎn)人應(yīng)負(fù)責(zé)賠償

in the process of foreign trade transportation, for transport accidents and suffered total loss to the goods or a part of the loss, the insurer shall be responsible for the damage

4、國(guó)際航空運(yùn)輸中，被保險(xiǎn)貨物由市價(jià)跌落、運(yùn)輸遲延所造成的損失或費(fèi)用，保險(xiǎn)人不負(fù)責(zé)賠償

the international air transport, insured goods fall by market value, transportation delay caused by the loss or expense, the underwriter does not be responsible for compensation

5、這家出口公司熟悉運(yùn)輸和保險(xiǎn)事務(wù)的部門(mén)經(jīng)理，在接受國(guó)外訂貨后，負(fù)責(zé)安排出口貨物的運(yùn)輸和保險(xiǎn)

the export company familiar with transportation and insurance affairs department manager, in order to accept foreign, be responsible to arrange export goods transportation and insurance

unit9 符合國(guó)際貿(mào)易支付業(yè)務(wù)的要求和政府管制出口的法規(guī) 每次出口發(fā)貨所需的各種單證和涉及的當(dāng)事人 單證不齊或制作不當(dāng)導(dǎo)致延遲的發(fā)貨 由某些單證的差錯(cuò)所引起的罰款和沒(méi)收貨物 由國(guó)外發(fā)貨所需要在出口港提交的出口申報(bào)單 出口貨物的目的地、詳細(xì)名稱及其申報(bào)價(jià)值 商業(yè)發(fā)票上所標(biāo)明的貨物商標(biāo)和包裝數(shù)量 清楚說(shuō)明的貨物單價(jià)和裝運(yùn)的貨物總價(jià) 商業(yè)發(fā)票所標(biāo)明的報(bào)價(jià)的性質(zhì)和付款條件 用以收集有關(guān)出口貨物統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)的出口申報(bào)單 進(jìn)口商所在國(guó)的政府代表向出口商簽發(fā)的領(lǐng)事發(fā)票 裝箱單逐漸記載的裝運(yùn)貨物中的貨箱或集裝箱內(nèi)容 為證明貨物原產(chǎn)地而由某一機(jī)構(gòu)簽發(fā)的單證

應(yīng)進(jìn)口商的要求而由不同機(jī)構(gòu)簽發(fā)的各種特別檢驗(yàn)證書(shū)

1、comply with the requirements of payment in international trade business and government control of the export regulations

2、every time the export all kinds of shipping documents and of the parties involved

3、documents not neat or improper production to delivery delay

4、some of the documents by the error caused by the fines and confiscated goods

5、by foreign vendor need export port in the export declaration form submitted

6、the destination of export goods, and the detailed and names of the declared value

7、commercial invoice indicated that the goods trademarks and packing quantity

8、clearly stated goods unit price and shipment of goods total price

9、the commercial invoice, indicated that the nature of the price and terms of payment

10、to collect relevant statistical data of export goods export declaration form

11、the importer of the country in which the government representatives of consular invoice issued to exporters

12、packing list in the shipment of gradually records bins or container content

13、to prove the goods country of origin and by one of the documents issued by institutions

14、should be requested by the importer by different organizations and issued by the various special inspection certificate

1、在出口交易中，要求出口企業(yè)遞交由它自己和其他單位或政府部門(mén)簽發(fā)的各類單證，這是履行出口合同的一部分

in the export trading, to export enterprise submit of its own and other unit or government issued by the department of all kinds of documents, this is part of the export contract performance

2、商業(yè)發(fā)票是出口商向進(jìn)口商開(kāi)立的、憑以向進(jìn)口商收款的發(fā)貨清單，它是買賣雙方交接貨物和結(jié)算貨款的主要單據(jù)

commercial invoice is open to the importers and exporters to the importer by collection shipping list, it is the sale of goods and the handover of the main documents payment and settlement

3、海運(yùn)提單是由船長(zhǎng)或承運(yùn)人的代理所簽發(fā)，證明收到制定的貨物，并保證將貨物運(yùn)至指定的目的地交付收貨人的單證 marine bill of lading is the carrier's agent by the master or issued by, that received the goods formulated, and ensure the goods to the specified destination consignee documents

4、特別檢驗(yàn)證書(shū)是商檢機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)進(jìn)出口貨物包裝容器或運(yùn)輸工具進(jìn)行指定項(xiàng)目的檢驗(yàn)、鑒定后出具的證明書(shū)

special inspection certificate is the commodity inspection authorities on import and export goods or packaging container transport specified project inspection, identification of the certificate issued by after

5、原產(chǎn)地證明書(shū)的目的在于證明貨物原產(chǎn)地或制造地，它通常是進(jìn)口國(guó)海關(guān)對(duì)進(jìn)口貨物采取不同的國(guó)別政策和關(guān)稅待遇的依據(jù)

the aim is to demonstrate the certificate of origin of the goods country of origin or zhizaode, it is usually the importer of imported goods to a different nationality policy and the basis of pay of tariffs

unit10 對(duì)外商業(yè)交易中最常用的四種付款方式 簽發(fā)信用證的銀行承擔(dān)了買方的信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)

信用證的使用使賣方可通過(guò)提交轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)單據(jù)收取貨款 在履行合同后與當(dāng)?shù)劂y行商定簽發(fā)信用證 通知出口商所在國(guó)的代理銀行已簽發(fā)信用證 不顧出口商或外國(guó)銀行的財(cái)務(wù)狀況而承擔(dān)付款責(zé)任 仔細(xì)核對(duì)信用證的條款以確定已得到一切必要的單證 使用匯票使出口商在實(shí)際收到貨款前承擔(dān)全部風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 賣方將他向買方所開(kāi)發(fā)的匯票提交銀行收款 代理銀行將賣方開(kāi)發(fā)的匯票提交買方承兌和付款 買方在承兌匯票后可立即得到用以提貨的提單 買方信用可疑時(shí)出口交易可按預(yù)付款方式進(jìn)行 通常只對(duì)信用聲譽(yù)幾號(hào)的買方進(jìn)行賒賬銷售 在多數(shù)情況下出口商不愿按賒賬方式進(jìn)行出口銷售

foreign commercial transactions of the most commonly used four kinds of payment the bank issued by l/c for the buyer's credit risk the use of credit to the seller can transport documents submitted by payment in the performance of the contract with the local bank agreed after issued by l/c notice of the country in which the exporters has been issued acting bank credit despite the exporter or foreign bank's financial condition and liable for the payment of the responsibility carefully check the terms of l/c has been all necessary to determine the documents use a draft of the exporter in the actual payment is received before assume all the risk the seller to the buyer will he development of the draft collection to the banks the development of the acting bank draft send to the buyer acceptance and payment the buyer in the acceptance of draft immediately after get up the goods to the bill of lading the buyer credit suspicious export transactions according to the advance payment when manner usually only for the credit reputation excellent on the buyer credit sales in most cases the exporter would not press credit means export sales

1、國(guó)際商業(yè)付款方式的選擇，除了取決于交易對(duì)方的信用狀況外，還取決于資金負(fù)擔(dān)、市場(chǎng)情況以及費(fèi)用和手續(xù)等狀況

the international commercial payment options, in addition to depend on the dealing party credit standing outside, still depends on finance burden, market situation and expenses and procedures and so on the condition

2、對(duì)于出口商來(lái)說(shuō)，信用證是除了預(yù)付款以外最有利的付款方式，他通常只要再出口地將合格單據(jù)提交指定銀行就可收款

for exporters, the l/c is the most favorable outside except advance payment, he usually just to exports will qualified documents designated bank can collect progress payment

3、開(kāi)立信用證后，若賣方提交合適單據(jù)，買方就必須付款，但由于賣方有時(shí)不能遵守合同條款，因此買方需承擔(dān)賣方的信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)

open the l/c, if the seller submit documents to the right, the buyer must pay, but because the seller sometimes can't conform to the terms of the contract, the buyer should bear the seller so credit risk

4、匯票是出口商開(kāi)出的、命令作為受票人的進(jìn)口商立即或在一定期限內(nèi)無(wú)條件地支付一定金額給指定受款人的單證

the bill is a command as exporters and importers drawee immediately or in a certain period of pay a certain amount unconditionally to designated by the drawer of the documents

5、預(yù)付貨款的方式對(duì)出口商最為有利，因?yàn)槭盏截浛詈笤賯湄洺鲞\(yùn)，幾乎可以不承擔(dān)買方的信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，預(yù)收貨款無(wú)須投入資金就可完成交易

payment in advance on the way for the most favorable exporters, because after receive payment ready for shipment again, almost can not bear the buyer's credit risk, already collected payment for goods need not money to complete the transaction

unit11 這些公司不斷增加的無(wú)形資產(chǎn)銷售額 擁有專利、商標(biāo)和工序所有權(quán)的本國(guó)制造商 擁有該公司授權(quán)的技術(shù)訣竅的獨(dú)家使用權(quán) 許可人與被許可人之間簽訂的許可證協(xié)議 提供一種可借以出售專利技術(shù)的制造 采取資本參與形式償付購(gòu)買財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)的款項(xiàng) 購(gòu)得該公司多數(shù)股權(quán)的技術(shù)訣竅的供應(yīng)商

由許可證貿(mào)易提供的成本低、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)小的進(jìn)入市場(chǎng)的方式 準(zhǔn)許被許可人使用該公司的商標(biāo)名稱 重視許可人質(zhì)量和可靠性方面的聲譽(yù)

簽署外國(guó)公司提供的特殊服務(wù)的技術(shù)援助協(xié)議 工業(yè)化國(guó)家跨國(guó)公司提供的質(zhì)量檢查人員和生產(chǎn)經(jīng)理 使先進(jìn)的技術(shù)和技術(shù)訣竅體現(xiàn)在本公司的產(chǎn)品中 日趨重要的通過(guò)企業(yè)管理合同進(jìn)行的技術(shù)訣竅銷售

the company has increased the intangible asset sales patent, trademark and processes have the ownership of the producers have the company authorized technical know-how sole right of use permits person and the contract between the licensee of the license agreement provide a so as to sell patent technology manufacturing take capital participation form pay the money to buy property the company bought most of the shares of the technical expertise supplier the license of trade with low cost, risk small way into the market allowed by the licensee to use the company's brand name pay attention to quality and reliability licensor's reputation foreign company signed provide the special service technical assistance agreement industrialized countries provide quality inspection of the multinational company personnel and production manager make the advanced technology and technical know-how reflected in the products of this company increasingly important through the enterprise management contract of technical know-how sales

1、國(guó)際技術(shù)貿(mào)易對(duì)技術(shù)進(jìn)口國(guó)有利，因?yàn)榧夹g(shù)進(jìn)口有利于加速本國(guó)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)部門(mén)的技術(shù)改造和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展、縮短研制時(shí)間和節(jié)省研制費(fèi)用，以及提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量和加強(qiáng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力

international technical trade on importing technology advantage, because the technology import is beneficial to improving national economic department technical reform and economic development, shorten the development time and save the development cost and improve product quality and strengthen the competitive ability

2、許可證貿(mào)易是當(dāng)前國(guó)際技術(shù)貿(mào)易中最主要的方式，學(xué)科正貿(mào)易就是許可人同被許可人簽訂技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)讓許可證協(xié)議，通過(guò)該協(xié)議，準(zhǔn)許被許可人獲得使用權(quán)

license is the current international trade technology trade of the main way, the subject is trade is with the license licensee technology transfer the license agreement signed by the agreement, allowing the licensee to get right of use

3、在實(shí)際的技術(shù)貿(mào)易中，往往把悟性的技術(shù)知識(shí)同有關(guān)的機(jī)器、設(shè)備結(jié)合起來(lái)，如果交易只限于機(jī)器、設(shè)備而無(wú)技術(shù)知識(shí)的轉(zhuǎn)讓，就不能看做技術(shù)貿(mào)易

in the actual technical trade, often to understanding of technical knowledge with the relevant machine, equipment combined, if the deal is limited to the machine, equipment and no technology of knowledge transfer, cannot regard as technology trade

4、許可證主要有獨(dú)占性許可證排他性許可證和普通許可證，在實(shí)際許可證貿(mào)易中采用哪一種許可證，主要取決于潛在市場(chǎng)的容量、技術(shù)的性質(zhì)以及貿(mào)易雙方的意圖

permit a monopoly of the major exclusive license permit and ordinary license, in actual license in trade is what kind of license, depending on the potential market size, the nature of the technology and trade the intention of the parties

5、獨(dú)占性許可證協(xié)議是指在規(guī)定地區(qū)內(nèi)，被許可方在協(xié)議的有效期內(nèi)對(duì)該該項(xiàng)技術(shù)享有獨(dú)占的使用權(quán)，許可方不得在該地區(qū)內(nèi)使用該項(xiàng)技術(shù)制造和銷售產(chǎn)品，也不得把同樣技術(shù)授予該地區(qū)內(nèi)的任何第三方

monopoly of the license agreement means stipulated in the region, the licensee the period of validity of the agreement to the enjoy the exclusive right to the technology, the licensor shall not be in the area using the technology in the manufacture and sales of the product, and shall not be granted the same technology in the area of any third party

unit12 包括各種無(wú)形商品的服務(wù)在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中占更大份額 國(guó)際服務(wù)貿(mào)易在主要發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)中日趨重要 美國(guó)整個(gè)對(duì)外貿(mào)易服務(wù)出口對(duì)商品出口的比例 80年代中期美國(guó)服務(wù)出口總額估計(jì)超過(guò)2000億美元 國(guó)際商務(wù)在全球的擴(kuò)展導(dǎo)致國(guó)際服務(wù)市場(chǎng)的形成 向外國(guó)投資者和企業(yè)提供廣泛的咨詢服務(wù)

跨國(guó)公司在國(guó)際服務(wù)市場(chǎng)面臨的保護(hù)主義、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)等問(wèn)題 對(duì)國(guó)際服務(wù)貿(mào)易所實(shí)施的直接和間接貿(mào)易壁壘 迫使外國(guó)公司接受東道國(guó)政府機(jī)構(gòu)對(duì)其電腦檔案的檢查 美國(guó)政府的出口管制程序是服務(wù)出口最大的國(guó)內(nèi)貿(mào)易壁壘 電信業(yè)等增長(zhǎng)最快、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)最劇烈的服務(wù)部門(mén) 商標(biāo)等易于復(fù)制和難以保護(hù)的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán) 作為服務(wù)行業(yè)最大問(wèn)題的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的保護(hù)

服務(wù)部門(mén)的產(chǎn)值在國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值中所占份額的激增

including all intangible goods in international trade in services accounted for a bigger share international service trade in the major developed economy are becoming more and more important the entire foreign trade service exports to the proportion of export commodities in the mid 80 s total export of american service estimated at more than 200 billion dollars international business in the expansion of international services to global market formation to foreign investors and enterprise offer a wide range of consulting services multinational companies in international service market could face protectionism, competition, and other problems the implementation of international trade in services of the direct and indirect trade barriers to force foreign companies accept of the host country government institutions, a computer file examination the ment's export control program is the largest domestic services export trade barriers such as telecommunications industry growing fastest, the most severe competition of the service department trademark easily copy and difficult to protect intellectual property as a service to the industry of the biggest problem the protection of intellectual property rights service department in the earnings of the gdp(in the share of the surge

1、隨著科技的迅速發(fā)展，國(guó)際服務(wù)貿(mào)易的范圍已大大擴(kuò)展，除運(yùn)輸、通訊、保險(xiǎn)、旅游等傳統(tǒng)項(xiàng)目以外，還包括軟件設(shè)計(jì)、科技咨詢、信息服務(wù)、技術(shù)貿(mào)易等

along with the quick development of science and technology, the international service trade has greatly expand the scope of, in addition to transportation, communication, insurance, tourism and other traditional project, but also including software design, technology consultation and information service, technology trade, etc

2、目前一些主要服務(wù)輸出國(guó)都設(shè)立了一些專門(mén)機(jī)構(gòu)，負(fù)責(zé)與外國(guó)政府和私人雇主簽署服務(wù)合同，根據(jù)合同需要在國(guó)內(nèi)征集服務(wù)

now some of the main service exporting countries have established a special agency, is responsible with foreign governments and private employers service contract signed, according to the contract needs to be in the domestic solicitation service

3、這家歷史悠久、實(shí)力雄厚的美國(guó)咨詢公司在全世界經(jīng)營(yíng)咨詢業(yè)務(wù)，幾年來(lái)它的營(yíng)業(yè)額擴(kuò)大了一倍 this has a long history, rich strength of american consulting company in the world business consulting business, and for years it turnover doubled

4、美國(guó)不少承包咨詢公司憑借先進(jìn)的技術(shù)和優(yōu)秀的科技人才為客戶提供多種信息資料，幫助業(yè)主指定決策和工作方案

many american contract consulting company with advanced technology and excellent scientific and technological personnel to provide a variety of information material, to help our clients specified decision and work plan 5、1979年至1982年，中國(guó)組建了27家從事對(duì)外承包工程和勞務(wù)合作的公司，營(yíng)業(yè)總額超過(guò)11億美元 from 1979 to 1982, china's form the 27 engaged in foreign home for contract projects and labor services cooperation of company, business worth more than 1.1 billion dollars

unit13 1978年以來(lái)出口量每隔5年翻一番 大大超過(guò)出口量的半數(shù)是由制成品構(gòu)成 出口工業(yè)和出口貿(mào)易成為經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)的主要引擎 出口額與國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值的比率上升到30% 旨在促進(jìn)外資企業(yè)發(fā)展的各項(xiàng)政策和優(yōu)惠措施 外資企業(yè)在擴(kuò)大出口中所引起的引人注目的作用 港臺(tái)企業(yè)家在中國(guó)出口業(yè)績(jī)中所引起的重大作用 外資企業(yè)中國(guó)東南部的出口工業(yè)享有主導(dǎo)地位 該地區(qū)在中國(guó)出口總額中所占份額穩(wěn)步增長(zhǎng) 那年該地區(qū)的出口增長(zhǎng)在過(guò)去10年中首次減慢 20世紀(jì)90年代中國(guó)出口商品構(gòu)成不斷改變 該10年中中國(guó)對(duì)日本出口的份額逐步增長(zhǎng)

20世紀(jì)80年代中期起美國(guó)是中國(guó)出口的主要目的地 對(duì)21世紀(jì)中國(guó)出口貿(mào)易的前景持十分樂(lè)觀態(tài)度

since the year 1978, exports double every five years more than half of the exports greatly by a manufactured goods export industry and export trade become the main engine of economic growth exports and gross domestic product rate of up to 30% aims to promote the development of foreign capital enterprise policies and preferential measures the foreign capital enterprise in expanding export in the cause of the dramatic effect hong kong and taiwan entrepreneurs in china export performance of the major role in the cause the foreign capital enterprise of the southeast of china export industry enjoys the leading position the region in china in the total export share steady growth that year the region's export growth in the past 10 years to slow down for the first time the 1990 s china export commodities constitute a constant change the 10 years of japan's exports to china share gradually increase since the mid 1980 s american is the main destination for chinese exports china in the 21 st century export trade's foreground the very optimistic 1、20世紀(jì)80年代，中國(guó)對(duì)日本出口的商品主要包括石油、煤炭、紡織品、服裝和五金礦產(chǎn)，而中國(guó)對(duì)美國(guó)出口的商品主要包括紡織品、農(nóng)產(chǎn)品及其加工品和原油

during the 1980 s, china's export goods to japan mainly include oil, coal, textiles, clothing and metal minerals to china, which the united states export goods mainly includes textiles, and processed agricultural products and oil 2、1979年建立的經(jīng)濟(jì)特區(qū)和1985年確定的沿海開(kāi)放城市不僅在吸引外資和外國(guó)先進(jìn)技術(shù)方面，而且在擴(kuò)大出口方面起著重大作用

set up in 1979, special economic zones and set in 1985 of the coastal open cities in not only to attract foreign capital and foreign advanced technology, and expand exports in plays a major role

3、從20世紀(jì)80年代初開(kāi)始，中國(guó)大陸利用香港的地理位置及其廣泛的對(duì)外經(jīng)濟(jì)聯(lián)系將相當(dāng)大份額的出口商品通過(guò)香港銷往各國(guó)及臺(tái)灣省

from the early 1980 s, china's use of the geographical location of hong kong and its extensive external economic exchanges will be quite large share of exports through the hong kong and taiwan are sold to all countries

4、由于在華外資企業(yè)技術(shù)和管理先進(jìn)，產(chǎn)品的國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力強(qiáng)，因而從1992年起，源自外資企業(yè)的產(chǎn)品的出口額 逐年擴(kuò)大，在中國(guó)出口總額中的比重不斷上升

due to the foreign-funded enterprises in china technology and advanced management, the international competition ability of the product is strong, and since 1992, derived from the foreign capital enterprise product exports increased, the proportion of the total exports in china is on the rise 5、1978年起實(shí)行改革開(kāi)放以后，中國(guó)對(duì)外貿(mào)易獲得很大發(fā)展，中國(guó)已同世界上140多個(gè)國(guó)家和地區(qū)建立了對(duì)外貿(mào)易關(guān)系，其結(jié)果，1987年中國(guó)進(jìn)出口總額為838億美元，與之相比，1978年僅206億美元，中國(guó)進(jìn)出口總額居世界貿(mào)易額的位次由1982年的第19位上升到第12位

since 1978, after the reform and opening up, china's foreign trade gained a great development, china has in the world with more than 140 countries and regions to establish foreign trade relationship, the result, in 1987, china's total import and export volume of $83.8 billion, compared with only $20.6 billion in 1978, china's total import and export volume of world trade in the lead by 1982 the 19 th up to 12

unit15 以在國(guó)外賺取較高收益為目的的國(guó)際投資 利用國(guó)外證劵較高的收益賺取更多的錢(qián) 期望收益最大限度增加的外國(guó)證劵購(gòu)買者 考慮到外國(guó)證劵市場(chǎng)價(jià)值的巨大可變性 由外國(guó)證劵市價(jià)暴跌引起的收益的驟減 估量對(duì)外國(guó)股票和債券進(jìn)行投資的風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 由國(guó)外較高增長(zhǎng)率造成的直接投資較高的收益 保留對(duì)獨(dú)特的生產(chǎn)知識(shí)的直接控制 不愿給外國(guó)生產(chǎn)企業(yè)發(fā)許可證的大公司 逃避對(duì)進(jìn)口貨征收的關(guān)稅及其他限制措施 對(duì)外國(guó)制造業(yè)所進(jìn)行的大規(guī)模直接投資 獲得進(jìn)入新的國(guó)外市場(chǎng)的必要融資 對(duì)全世界子公司的經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)進(jìn)行直接控制 促進(jìn)和鼓勵(lì)跨國(guó)公司在國(guó)外的直接投資

to earn higher returns in foreign countries for the purpose of international investment utilize overseas card coupons more benefits to earn more money expected yields maximize foreign card coupons buyers considering the coupon market value of foreign card great variability by the foreign market caused by the coupon card drop sharply reduced earnings measure of foreign stocks and bonds for the risk of the investment the higher growth rate of foreign direct investment by higher returns to keep the unique production of knowledge directly control not to give foreign production enterprise permittee to big companies to escape the collection of tariffs and other import restrictions foreign manufacturing to the large-scale direct investment access to the new foreign markets of the financing necessary to the world of the subsidiary operation directly control promote and encourage multinational company in foreign direct investment

1、國(guó)際投資主要由國(guó)際有價(jià)證劵投資和對(duì)外直接投資這兩種形式組成，前者指采取購(gòu)買股票、債券形式的證劵投資，后者指在國(guó)外進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)或其他經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)

international investment mainly by the international marketable card coupons investment and foreign direct investment of the two kinds of forms, the former refers to take buy stocks and bonds form the coupon insight investment, the latter refers to the in foreign production or other business activities

2、戰(zhàn)后，為了最大限度地增加利潤(rùn)，工業(yè)化國(guó)家除了極力擴(kuò)大商品和服務(wù)的出口以外，還在世界各地進(jìn)行各種形式的直接投資

after the war, in order to maximize profits, industrialized countries in addition to trying to expand the export of goods and services, but also in all over the world to various forms of direct investment

3、毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)的，發(fā)展中國(guó)家豐富的自然資源、低廉的勞動(dòng)力和各種鼓勵(lì)措施，必然吸引發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的大公司對(duì)它們進(jìn)行大量直接投資，使它們獲得巨額利潤(rùn)

there is no doubt that developing countries rich in natural resources, cheap labor and all kinds of measures to encourage, will attract the developed countries of the big company of direct investment on them, so that they get huge profits 4、70年代以來(lái)，發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家對(duì)發(fā)展中國(guó)家的直接投資日益采取與當(dāng)?shù)刭Y本開(kāi)設(shè)合資企業(yè)的形式，這樣既可取得優(yōu)惠待遇，又可以防止其企業(yè)被東道國(guó)實(shí)行國(guó)有化

since 70 s, the developed countries to the developing countries of direct investment and local open capital increasingly take the form of joint venture, such already can get preferential treatment, and can prevent the enterprise by the host country practise nationalization

5、主要發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的許多跨國(guó)公司在全球范圍進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)、加工和銷售業(yè)務(wù)，它們的分公司和子公司遍及世界各地

many of the major developed countries multinational company in the global range production, processing and sales business, their branches and subsidiaries around the world

國(guó)際商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯考試篇四

abstract:

this article introduces the services and development of the internet of things, and analyzes the driving forces and obstacles behind such g at application types and the different development stages of the internet of things, this article categorizes its services into four types: identity related services, information aggregation services, collaborative-aware services, and ubiquitous the first two types of services, applications and system framework are discussed;for the last two types, development trends are es provided by the internet of things will gradually be integrated into human life and society;with the development of the internet of things, applications will evolve from relatively simple identity-related and information aggregation-related applications, to collaboratively-aware, and finally ubiquitous will then be possible for the internet of things to be fully integrated with internet and telecommunications networks.摘要：

本文介紹了物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的服務(wù)和發(fā)展和分析這種發(fā)展背后的推動(dòng)力和障礙。尋找在應(yīng)用程序類型和不同發(fā)展階段的物聯(lián)網(wǎng)，這篇文章總結(jié)為四種類型的服務(wù)：身份相關(guān)服務(wù)，信息聚合服務(wù)，協(xié)作感知的服務(wù)和無(wú)處不在服務(wù)。對(duì)于前兩種類型的服務(wù)，對(duì)應(yīng)用程序和系統(tǒng)框架進(jìn)行了討論，對(duì)于最后兩個(gè)類型，對(duì)發(fā)展趨勢(shì)進(jìn)行了討論。物聯(lián)網(wǎng)提供的服務(wù)將逐步融入人類的生活和社會(huì)；隨著互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的發(fā)展，應(yīng)用程序會(huì)從相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單的身份到有關(guān)的信息聚合到協(xié)作感知相關(guān)的應(yīng)用發(fā)展，并最終成為無(wú)處不在的應(yīng)用。然后，它將充分結(jié)合互聯(lián)網(wǎng)和電信網(wǎng)絡(luò)。development of the internet of things

the concept“internet of things”was coined by kevin ashton of massachusetts institute of technology(mit)in 1999, and is defined as follows: all things are connected to the internet via sensing devices such as radio frequency identification(rfid)to achieve intelligent

identification and in 1995, the book the power to predict [1] first described application scenarios of the internet of recent times, the internet of things has developed rapidly and globally due to increasing government and enterprise investment in projects in regions such as the usa, europe, japan, and

south ’s smarter planet initiative will see an investment of 3 million dollars made in smart grid and digital healthcare eu has proposed an i2010 policy framework that aims to enhance economic efficiency and promote the development of information and

communication technologies(ict)through widespread use of these japan, the i-japan strategy is based on e-japan and korea has also proposed a new project for the internet of china, prime minister wen jiabo presented the concept

of“experiencing china”in august by the chinese government, the internet of things industry has developed rapidly in china.1、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)發(fā)展的因素

由凱文·阿什頓的美國(guó)麻省理工學(xué)院（mit）于1999年提出的“物聯(lián)網(wǎng)”的概念，定義如下：所有的東西都連接到互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，如射頻識(shí)別（rfid）傳感裝置，以實(shí)現(xiàn)智能化識(shí)別和管理。早在1995年，這本書(shū)的動(dòng)力預(yù)測(cè)首先介紹了物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的應(yīng)用場(chǎng)景。

在最近幾年，隨著物聯(lián)網(wǎng)和全球化的迅速發(fā)展，越來(lái)越多的政府和企業(yè)在美國(guó)，歐洲，日本，韓國(guó)等地區(qū)進(jìn)行項(xiàng)目的投資。ibm的智慧地球倡議，將在智能電網(wǎng)和數(shù)字醫(yī)療保健項(xiàng)目中得到3億美元的投資。歐盟已經(jīng)提出了一個(gè)2010年的政策框架，其目的是提高經(jīng)濟(jì)效率和促進(jìn)通過(guò)這些技術(shù)的廣泛使用使信息和通信技術(shù)（ict）得到發(fā)展。在日本，他的戰(zhàn)略是基于e-日本和u-日本。韓國(guó)也提出了關(guān)于物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的新項(xiàng)目。2009年8月，中國(guó)總理溫家寶提出的“體驗(yàn)中國(guó)”的概念。在中國(guó)政府的推動(dòng)下，物聯(lián)網(wǎng)產(chǎn)業(yè)在中國(guó)發(fā)展迅速。

1.1 driving forces for development of the internet of things

first, the development of the internet of things conforms to the trend of using information technologies to better serve the one hand, modern society suffers development bottlenecks in the fields of energy, transport, logistics and the other, people have direct demands in health, and medical treatment and a general belief that

information technologies make for smarter terminals, wider networks, and better services than other technologies, they are naturally chosen to solve problems encountered in social and economic development as well as to enhance standards of , the internet of things is regarded as a new source of economic growth by many

information superhighway plan implemented by the clinton administration brought 10 years of rapid economic development to the , the obama administration has put forward“smarter earth,”which probably has relations with the information superhighway china, the internet of things is regarded as the practice of using information technologies to promote regions such as europe, japan, and south korea, government plays an important role in internet of things , with its businesses reaching saturation point, the telecom industry also regards the internet of things as a new many european countries, mobile phone penetration rate has reached 100%.as a result, person-to-thing and thing-to-thing communication has been placed high on the internet of things therefore represents a new stage in the development of the telecom industry.1.1 物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的發(fā)展動(dòng)力

首先，物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的發(fā)展，符合在使用信息技術(shù)下可以更好地為社會(huì)服務(wù)的趨勢(shì)。一方面，現(xiàn)代社會(huì)發(fā)展遭受瓶頸，包括能源，運(yùn)輸，物流和融資等領(lǐng)域。另一方面，人有直接的需求在衛(wèi)生，醫(yī)療和服務(wù)方面。智慧型終端將更廣泛的應(yīng)用于網(wǎng)絡(luò)，與其他技術(shù)相比，可以更好的服務(wù)于信息技術(shù)，可以用來(lái)解決在社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展中遇到的問(wèn)題和提高人民生活水平。第二，物聯(lián)網(wǎng)被許多國(guó)家的政府視為一個(gè)新的經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)源?？肆诸D政府實(shí)施的“信息高速公路計(jì)劃購(gòu)買美國(guó)10年來(lái)經(jīng)濟(jì)快速發(fā)展?，F(xiàn)在，奧巴馬政府已提出“智慧地球”，這可能與信息高速公路計(jì)劃的關(guān)系。在中國(guó)，物聯(lián)網(wǎng)被視為利用信息技術(shù)推動(dòng)工業(yè)化的方法。在歐洲，日本和韓國(guó)等地區(qū)，政府在物聯(lián)網(wǎng)規(guī)劃中起著重要的作用。

第三，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)業(yè)務(wù)達(dá)到飽和點(diǎn)，電信業(yè)也被視為物聯(lián)網(wǎng)發(fā)展的一個(gè)新的突破點(diǎn)。在歐洲許多國(guó)家，移動(dòng)電話普及率已達(dá)100％。因此，人對(duì)事物和事物對(duì)事物通信已被提上議事日程。因此，物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的發(fā)展代表電信業(yè)發(fā)展的一個(gè)新階段。services of the internet of things

there are a large number of applications that can be included as internet of things services, and these can be classified according to different ing to technical features, internet of things services can be spanided into 4 types: identity-related services[2], information

aggregation services, collaborative-aware services, and ubiquitous services[3].it is generally agreed that an inevitable trend for the internet of things will be its

development from information aggregation to collaborative awareness and ubiquitous

convergence, and that not all services of the internet of things will develop to the stage of ubiquitous applications and services only require information aggregation, and are not intended for ubiquitous convergence as the information is closed, confidential, and applicable only to a small group.2聯(lián)網(wǎng)服務(wù)

物聯(lián)網(wǎng)服務(wù)包括了大量的應(yīng)用，而這些應(yīng)用可以根據(jù)不同的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分類。根據(jù)技術(shù)特點(diǎn)，就互聯(lián)網(wǎng)服務(wù)可分為4種類型：[1]身份相關(guān)的服務(wù)[2]，聚合信息服務(wù)，[3]協(xié)同感知的服務(wù)，和[4]無(wú)處不在的服務(wù)。

人們普遍認(rèn)為，一個(gè)必然的趨勢(shì)物聯(lián)網(wǎng)將是其發(fā)展的信息聚合協(xié)作意識(shí)和無(wú)處不在的收斂，并非所有的聯(lián)網(wǎng)服務(wù)將無(wú)處不在的融洽。很多應(yīng)用和服務(wù)的發(fā)展階段，只需要信息聚合，不用于無(wú)處不在收斂的信息是封閉的，保密和適用只有一小群。

2.1 identity-related services

identity-related services adopt identity technologies such as rfid, two-dimensional code, and 1 lists some identity-related ing to the identification mode of the terminal, identity-related services can be spanided into two categories: active and can also be classified by served objects(enterprise or inspanidual): personal applications or enterprise implementation of different applications may 2 illustrates the basic principle of tag-based information acquisition general procedure for such services is as

follows: first, an rfid tag is attached to a , a read device accesses the information in the rfid tag(including the identity information of the thing), and makes a request to the name resolution server of the internet of this way, it may obtain the uniform resource identifier(uri)of the y, the read device obtains further information from the uri.2.1身份有關(guān)的服務(wù)

身份有關(guān)的服務(wù)采用身份的技術(shù)，如rfid，二維碼和條碼。圖1列出了一些身份有關(guān)的服務(wù)。

根據(jù)終端識(shí)別模式，身份有關(guān)的服務(wù)可分為兩個(gè)類別：主動(dòng)和被動(dòng)。它們也可以被列為服務(wù)對(duì)象（企業(yè)或個(gè)人）：個(gè)人申請(qǐng)或企業(yè)不同的應(yīng)用服務(wù)。

實(shí)施可能會(huì)有所不同。圖2顯示了基于標(biāo)簽的信息獲取服務(wù)的基本原則。一般程序這樣的服務(wù)如下：首先，rfid標(biāo)簽連接到一件事。然后，讀取設(shè)備的訪問(wèn)，在rfid標(biāo)簽的信息（包括身份信息的事情），使得聯(lián)網(wǎng)名稱解析服務(wù)器的請(qǐng)求。在這種方式，它可以得到的東西的統(tǒng)一資源標(biāo)識(shí)符（uri）。最后，讀取裝置從uri取得進(jìn)一步的信息。key technologies for the internet of things

the above discussion shows that implementation of services in the internet of things mainly involves the key technologies of sensor, sensor network, sensor network-related communication, communication network, the internet of things platform, and integrated sensor is used to collect information in the internet of things;it is the basic part that senses the real world, and offers services and r, due to the spanersity of sensors(there are temperature, pressure, speed, humidity, height, video, image, and location sensors), information interfaces provided by these sensors vary is the greatest challenge for mass production of internet of things research has already been conducted into sensor networks, and a complete set of specifications have been made for the physical layer, link layer, and network sensor networks have not been put into application on a large scale[6].typical sensor network-related communication technologies include bluetooth, infrared data association(irda), wireless

fidelity(wi-fi), zigbee, rfid, ultra-wide band(uwb), near filed communication(nfc), and networks will evolve to next generation ip networks(6 networks), and sensor terminals will tend to become intelligence of a sensor network is mainly reflected in its ip technology, low power consumption, small size, bidirectional transfer of information, and non-manual ication networks provide the data transmission channel for the internet of t research into communication networks focuses on how to enhance existing networks to meet the service requirements of the internet of things( data rate, low mobility).the internet of things platform works with terminals as well as exiting networks and systems to provide the capabilities to various terms of network architecture, a unified service platform that is suitable for applications of multiple industries is required to support cross-sector, unified information particular, when the internet of things develops into the collaborative-aware or even ubiquitous service stages, more effective network framework, name address, routing, and communication protocols have to be worked out.3.物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)

上述討論表明，在實(shí)施物聯(lián)網(wǎng)服務(wù)時(shí)將主要涉及傳感器、傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)，基于傳感器的溝通交流、網(wǎng)絡(luò)溝通、物聯(lián)網(wǎng)平臺(tái)和綜合技術(shù)等關(guān)鍵技術(shù)。

該傳感器是用來(lái)收集在物聯(lián)網(wǎng)中的信息，它是實(shí)現(xiàn)感知現(xiàn)實(shí)世界這一功能的基本組成部分并提供服務(wù)和應(yīng)用。然而，由于傳感器的多樣性（比如溫度，壓力，速度，濕度，高度，視頻，圖像，位置傳感器），這些傳感器的信息接口的千差萬(wàn)別。這也成為了眾多物聯(lián)網(wǎng)終端最大的挑戰(zhàn)。

許多研究已經(jīng)針對(duì)傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)展開(kāi)，并完成了一整套物理層，鏈路層和網(wǎng)絡(luò)層的規(guī)格規(guī)范。但傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)仍尚未投入大規(guī)模的應(yīng)用。典型傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)相關(guān)通訊技術(shù)包括藍(lán)牙、紅外通訊（irda）、無(wú)線保真（wi-fi的）、zigbee、rfid、超寬帶（uwb）、近場(chǎng)通信技術(shù)（nfc）和wirelesshart的。傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)將發(fā)展為下一代ip網(wǎng)絡(luò)（例如ipv6網(wǎng)絡(luò)），傳感器終端將會(huì)變得更加聰明。傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)的智能主要體現(xiàn)在它的ip技術(shù)、低功耗、體積小、信息雙向傳輸和自動(dòng)維護(hù)上。

通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)為物聯(lián)網(wǎng)提供了數(shù)據(jù)的傳輸通道。目前關(guān)于通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)的研究集中在如何增強(qiáng)現(xiàn)有的網(wǎng)絡(luò)以滿足物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的服務(wù)需求（例如低數(shù)據(jù)率，低流動(dòng)性）。

物聯(lián)網(wǎng)平臺(tái)和終端相兼容，也擁有在脫離網(wǎng)絡(luò)和系統(tǒng)的情況下提供的各種應(yīng)用的能力。在網(wǎng)絡(luò)體系架構(gòu)中，一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的適合多個(gè)行業(yè)應(yīng)用的服務(wù)平臺(tái)將需要跨部門(mén)，統(tǒng)一的信息服務(wù)的支持。特別是當(dāng)物聯(lián)網(wǎng)發(fā)展成為協(xié)同感知，甚至變成無(wú)處不在的服務(wù)的階段，將需要制定更有效的網(wǎng)絡(luò)框架、姓名、地址、路由。

國(guó)際商務(wù)英語(yǔ)翻譯考試篇五

課后題目答案：

unit 1interpretation

have you got any experience in advertising?

yes, i have been working in the public relation section of a company in the past two years.i plan the advertising campaign and cooperate the work of artists and mes i have to do the work of a specialist when there's something you had any experience with computers?

yes, i studied in a computer training program, and can process data through the 's about operating the fax and duplicators?

i can handle them without any often do you work overtime?

i worked overtime several times a position have you held before? i have been a now, i can do public many places have you worked altogether? what made you decide to change your job? i am working in a small company where further promotion is impossible, so i decided to change my job.i'd like to find a job which is more made you choose this company?

your company has earned a very good reputation, not only because your products are of high quality, but also your well-constructed management system.i want to contribute my effort to such an outstanding company which cares not only the customer' needs, but also welfare of the do you consider important when looking for a job?

i think the most important thing is the nature of the should never do anything one is not interested me, pleasant working conditions with co-operative staff are also is your greatest strength?

i think i am very good at planning.i manage my time perfectly so that i can

always get things done on are your weak points?

when i think something is right, i will stick to mes it sounds a little stubborn but i am now trying to find a balance between insistence and 2 interpretation：

1.i declare the annual sales conference in first item on the agenda is the new marketing 's take up the main issue right ’s go on to the next i move on to the subject of publicity?

6.i’d like to know what you think of the design of the new , what’s your opinion?

we discuss in greater detail our countermeasures to beat our rival companies?

, that’s one against and one about you?

, can we have your opinion on the pros and cons of the plan?

i ask you for further explanation on that part?

an, may i have the floor?

i raise a point about this?

r thing we should do is to improve our market share.14.i’m sure that if our employees have more incentives, they’ll be more motivated.15.i don’t see things that way.16.i’d like to point out a possible weakness in your objection to the agenda?

there a seconder?

against that?

’s put it to the vote, lly, i agree with what you said.22.i think the idea is worth trying.23.i agree with his opinion on one condition.24.i declare the meeting 6

a: the next thing i'd like to bring up for discussion is packing.b: please state your opinions about packing.a: all wish our opinions on packing will be passed on to your manufacturers.a: you know, packing has a close bearing on sales.b: yes, it also affects the reputation of our always pay great attention to packing.a: we wish the new packing will give our clients 7

a: we'll be doing a lot of business with you in the future, so we'd like to have an open account with you.b: but because this is our first deal, we would like payment against this time we can do business on open account.a: i think it is not a good idea to pay cash on order is so small that it will cost too much just to send you the money.b: if you promise there will be more orders in the future, i think it will be alright to open an account now, with monthly payments.a: it's better if we could make payment every six our sales grow, then we can make bigger orders and pay more often.b: i think payments only twice a year is too you can agree to make payments every quarter, we can finish this 8

1)could you tell me what you specialize in ?

2)i am glad to have a chance to visit your company

3）we have been in textiles for 10 years.4）we’d like to give your products a try, but your delivery must maintain the quality standard of your samples.5）we are sure our products will find a ready market in your 9

（1）packing has a close bearing on sales.（2）that packing would greatly reduce the cost of goods.（3）suggestions on packing are greatly appreciated.（4）although the cartons are light and easy to handle, we think it is not

strong enough to be shipped.（5）the packing must be in line with local market 10

(1)what is your specific transport requirement？

(2)it will cause a lot of problems in our transportation.(3)because of the high cost of railway transportations，we prefer sea tansportations.(4)the order no.105 is so urgently required that we have to ask you to speed up shipment.(5)could you do something to advance your shipment？

(1)the goods are being prepared for immediate delivery and will be ready for shipment tomorrow.(2)you may rest assured that we will ship the goods next week without fail.(3)the goods you ordered will be forwarded to you in three lots.(4)we are under the necessity of asking you to allow transshipment.(5)containerization is a mode of more efficient shipment.(6)it will be appreciated that you give us timely advice of the shipment.