特殊句式
在英語中,有一些的特殊句型,比如倒裝句、強(qiáng)調(diào)句、感嘆句等,他們的語序、結(jié)構(gòu)不同于常規(guī)句型,需要我們注意。
01
倒裝句
所謂倒裝是指主謂顛倒,即謂語置于主語之前。倒裝分為完全倒裝和部分倒裝。完全倒裝是整個(gè)句子的謂語置于句首,部分倒裝是將助動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、系動(dòng)詞置于句首。常的倒裝為部分倒裝,主要有以下幾種情形:
部分倒裝
1
在含有 if 虛擬語氣句中,if 從句中可省略 if,將助動(dòng)詞 should,had,were 提前。
如:Should I become a research student,I would at least master 2 foreign languages.
想成為一名研究生,我至少要掌握兩門外語。
Were I you,I wouldn't feel sorry.
如果我是你,我不會(huì)感到難過。
2
so,neither,nor置于句首表示不同主語的同樣動(dòng)作的肯定或否定,以免重復(fù)。
如:I have finished reading the book,so has my sister.
我已經(jīng)讀完了這本書,我姐姐也讀了。
He didn’t like the film at all, neither / nor did I.
他一點(diǎn)也不喜歡這部電影,我也不喜歡。
3
讓步狀語、方式狀語和比較狀語從句中的倒裝。在as方式和than比較狀語從句中,如果謂語及其之后的成分與主句相應(yīng)的部分一致,可根據(jù)主句中謂語的時(shí)態(tài)分別用 do、does或did來代替。因其過于簡短置于從句主語之前,避免頭重腳輕。如果主語是代詞,則不能倒裝:
Child as he was,he could understand his mother's great pain.
盡管他是一個(gè)孩子,但他能理解母親巨大的痛苦。The business is good,be it selling goods or shipping them.
無論是賣貨還是送貨都是好生意。
He traveled a great deal,as did most of hi s friends.
他和他的大多數(shù)朋友一樣旅行了很多次。
He believed,as did the whole class,window had been broken the night before.
他和全班同學(xué)都認(rèn)為,前一天晚上窗戶被打破了。
4
否定詞/半否定詞/含有否定意義的詞語開頭的句子要用倒裝。常見的否定詞匯有:never,seldom, little,few,not… until,not only(…but also),nowhere,hardly / scarcely… when…, no sooner …than…,by no means,at no time,under/in no circumstances,in no case…
At no time will China be the first to use nuclear weapons.
無論何時(shí)中國都不會(huì)第一個(gè)使用核武器。
Seldom do we go for picnics.
我們很少去野餐。
Never in all my life have I heard such nonsense.
我一生中從來沒有聽說過這樣荒謬的話。
① not… until…放在句首,主句用倒裝,從句不用倒裝。
如:Not until last week did they find the lost bike.
直到周上周,他們才找到丟失的自行車。
Not until my son had entered the university did he realize the importance of time.
直到我兒子上了大學(xué), 他才認(rèn)識到時(shí)間的重要性。
② hardly … when…, no sooner … than…, not only… but also…連接的句型, 前半句用 倒裝語序,后半句不用倒裝語序。
如:Hardly had he finished his speech when the audience started cheering.
他一做完報(bào)告,觀眾就開始?xì)g呼起來。
5
so +adj. /adv.…that或者to such a degree / an extent,位于句首的時(shí)候句子要倒裝。
So much does he worry about her that he can't sleep at night.
他非常擔(dān)心她,晚上都睡不著。
So fast did he walk that none of us was his equal.
他走得太快了,沒人能跟上他。
So dangerous was the storm that the match had to be stopped.
暴風(fēng)雨兇險(xiǎn)異常,比賽不得不停止。
6
“only +狀語”位于句首的時(shí)候句子要倒裝。Only in this way can you learn English well.
只有通過這種方式你才能學(xué)好英語。
Only when flowers bloom together can spring be considered here.
只有花都開了,才意味著春天來了。
Only under special circumstances are freshmen permitted to take makeup tests.
只有在特殊情況下才允許大學(xué)一年級的新生參加補(bǔ)考。
注:only 修飾主語時(shí),句子不可倒裝。
如:Only he can answer the question. 只有他能回答這個(gè)問題。
完全倒裝
1
“狀語+謂語+主語”結(jié)構(gòu)該結(jié)構(gòu)中的狀語多為表示方位的副詞here,there,in,out,up, down,away等,或表示地點(diǎn)的介詞短語或者表示順序的副詞now,first,then等,謂語動(dòng)詞一般局限在表示位置的靜態(tài)動(dòng)詞be,stand,lie等或表示位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動(dòng)作詞go,come,fall等,主語往往比較長帶有復(fù)雜的修飾語。
Here comes the bus.公共汽車來了。
There goes the bell.上課鈴響了。
Here is a letter for you.這兒有你一封信。
Now comes your turn.現(xiàn)在輪到你了。
First came the governor and then his aid.
首先是州長,然后是他的助手。
There stands a tall pine tree at the top of the hill.
山頂上有一棵高大的松樹。
Long long ago,there lived a king.
很久以前,有一個(gè)國王。
2
直接引語放在句首時(shí),主謂語倒裝。如上所述,如果主語是代詞,則不倒裝。
試比較:
“What does it mean?”asked the boy.“這是什么意思?”男孩問道。
“What does it mean?”he asked.
“這是什么意思?”他問道。
祝愿句中的倒裝:
May you succeed!祝你成功!
Long live the friendship!愿友誼地久天長
02
強(qiáng)調(diào)句
強(qiáng)調(diào)句,是人們?yōu)榱吮磉_(dá)自己意愿或感情而使用的一種形式。
1
強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)成:It be+被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+that…這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)可以強(qiáng)調(diào)主語、賓語、狀語、賓補(bǔ)和主補(bǔ)。當(dāng)被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分指人時(shí)用who/that;而被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分是賓語又指人時(shí)用whom/that;強(qiáng)調(diào)部分為物時(shí)用that。
如:It is I who am to blame.
應(yīng)受責(zé)備的人是我。
It was me that / whom she helped yesterday. 昨天她幫助了我。
It’s you,rather than he,that are to blame. 該受責(zé)備的是你,而不是他。
It is not help but obstacles that make a man. 使人成才的不是助力,而是阻力。
It was in the 1960’s that the trade between the countries reached its highest point.
就是在 20 世紀(jì) 60 年代,國家之間的貿(mào)易達(dá)到了高峰。
注:it,that/who無詞匯意義,it 為強(qiáng)調(diào)詞,引出強(qiáng)調(diào)成分。that/who只起語法連接作用,如果去掉it,be 和 that / who,剩下部分(有時(shí)需做語法調(diào)整)仍能組成一個(gè)句意通順完整的句子。
2
not…until…的強(qiáng)調(diào)句為(不用倒裝語序):It was not until +被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+ that…。
如:It was not until dark that she realized it was too late to go home.
直到天黑她才意識到回家太晚了。
It was not until Anna criticized him that he became aware of his mistake.
直到安娜批評他,他才意識到自己的錯(cuò)誤。
注:not until 的強(qiáng)調(diào)句和倒裝句比較:
It was not until I came back that he left.
(強(qiáng)調(diào)句 直到我回來,他才離開。
Not until I came back did he leave.
(倒裝句) 直到我回來,他才離開。
03
感嘆句
表達(dá)喜怒哀樂等強(qiáng)烈感情的句子~
1
1.What a(n) +adj.+單數(shù)名詞+主語+謂語!
例:What an interesting story it is!
What a happy day it is!
2.What +形容詞+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+主語+謂語!
例:What beautiful butterflies they are!
2
1.How +形容詞+a(n) +單數(shù)名詞+主語+謂語!
例:How tall a boy he is!
2.How +形容詞/副詞+主語+謂語!
例:How well she plays!
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