▌列舉法

列舉法是四級(jí)寫作中常用的方法，一般用first, second等一系列標(biāo)志詞引出原因或者可能的影響等。列舉法常用的素材有：

引出列舉

1. There may be a combination of factors which contribute to/are responsible for/can explain ______. 也許有一些因素造成/可以解釋______。

2. There are probably three/many/several/a variety of reasons for this dramatic/significant increase/decline in ______.引起______顯著增長(zhǎng)/下降的原因有三個(gè)/許多/幾個(gè)/很多。

3. Some reasons can explain this trend. 一些原因可以解釋這一趨勢(shì)。

4. Why ______ ?為什么______?

5. The causes of ______ are varied. They include______ , perhaps the main cause is ______. 造成______的原因有很多，包括______,主要原因可能是______。

6. The reason for this is not far to seek. 這一問(wèn)題的原因不難發(fā)現(xiàn)。

7. It is no easy task to identify the reasons for this phenomenon which involves several complicated factors. 要找出這一現(xiàn)象的原因并非易事，因?yàn)樗婕叭舾蓮?fù)雜的因素。

8. There are numerous reasons why ______, and I would explore only a few of the most important ones here. ______的原因有很多，這里我只想探討其中幾個(gè)最重要的原因。

9. There are many reasons responsible for this phenomenon, and the following are the typical ones. 導(dǎo)致這種現(xiàn)象的原因有很多，以下是其中比較有代表性的。

10. There are many reasons explaining this case. As for me, I regard the following as the typical ones. 有很多原因可以解釋該問(wèn)題。就我而言，我認(rèn)為以下原因比較典型。

11. A number of factors could account for/contribute to/lead to/result in the change of ______. 引起______變化的因素有很多。

分條列舉

1. In the first place, ______. In the second place______ .首先，______。其次，______。

2. First,______ . Second, ______ . 首先，______。其次，______。

3. To begin with, ______. Secondly, ______. Last but not least, ______.首先，______。其次，______。最后但并不是最不重要的，______。

4. The first reason is that ______. The second one is ______. The third is ______. 第一個(gè)原因是______。第二個(gè)原因是______。第三個(gè)原因是______。

5. First of all, ______. Secondly,______ . Furthermore,______ .首先，______。其次，______。另外，______。

6. For one thing, ______. For another, ______.一方面,______。另一方面，______。

7. Firstly, ______. Secondly, ______. Thirdly, ______.首先，______。其次，______。再次，______。

8. Another reason why I disagree with the above statements is that I believe______.我不同意上述觀點(diǎn)的另一個(gè)原因是我認(rèn)為_(kāi)_____。

▌對(duì)比法

對(duì)比法是指通過(guò)對(duì)比兩種截然不同的觀點(diǎn)來(lái)陳述其中的利弊，從而得出自己的結(jié)論。對(duì)比法常用的素材有：

1. The advantages gained in ______ outweigh/are much greater than the advantages we gain from ______. 從______中獲取的優(yōu)勢(shì)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)我們從______中獲取的。

2. ______ bear(s) a close/striking resemblance to ______.______與______極為相似。

3. On the one hand, ______. On the other hand, ______.一方面，______。另一方面，______。

4. Similarly/Likewise/In the same way,______ . 同樣，______。

5. Although ______ enjoy(s) a distinct advantage, ______.盡管______有明顯優(yōu)勢(shì)，但是______。

6. Many students like ______. Among them there are two different attitudes to ______. Some of them think that . Others, however, dont think so. They feel that ______. 許多學(xué)生喜歡______。關(guān)于他們有兩種不同的觀點(diǎn)。有人認(rèn)為_(kāi)_____。而另外一些則不贊同這種看法。他們認(rèn)為_(kāi)_____。

7. Nothing/Few things can approach/equal/match ______. 沒(méi)有什么能與______相比。

8. Indeed, ______ carries more weight than ______when ______ is concerned.的確，就______而言，______的重要性要超過(guò)______。

9. Serious as the problem may be, it pales into insignificance by comparison with . 這個(gè)問(wèn)題可能很嚴(yán)重，但與相比就微不足道了。

10. In comparison/contrast, ______ . 比較而言/對(duì)比起來(lái)，______ 。

11. Indeed/Certainly, ______ play(s) a more/less important role when compared with ______. 當(dāng)然，與______相比，______的影響要大/小得多。

12. Despite the fact that most of them like ______, I would like to choose to ______.盡管有許多人喜歡______，我還是傾向于______。

13. When the advantages and disadvantages are compared/weighed, the conclusion/finding is quite obvious/self-evident. 比較一下優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)，結(jié)論就不言而喻了。

14. There is no consensus among people as to ______. Some people suggest that ______, while others argue that ______. I agree with the latter/former.人們并未就______達(dá)成一致意見(jiàn)。一些人建議______，而另一些人則爭(zhēng)辯說(shuō)______。我贊成后者/前者。

15. People differ greatly in their attitudes toward this problem. Some maintain that ______. Others, on the contrary, hold the opinion that ______. Personally, I stand on the side of ______. 人們對(duì)于這個(gè)問(wèn)題的態(tài)度差異很大。有人認(rèn)為_(kāi)_____。與此相反，另外一些人認(rèn)為_(kāi)_____。就我個(gè)人而言，我站在______這一邊。

16. For most people today, ______have/has become their main source of ______. But as for me, ______should be regarded as a better source. 如今大多數(shù)人將______作為_(kāi)_____的主要來(lái)源。但就我而言，______應(yīng)被看作一種更好的來(lái)源。

17. ______may be superior to ______, but it poses problems for those who ______. ______可能比______更好一些，但它會(huì)給那些______的人帶來(lái)問(wèn)題。

18. Different people have different ideas about ______. Some people take it for granted that ______. On the contrary, some other people think ______.關(guān)于______的觀點(diǎn)因人而異。有人想當(dāng)然地認(rèn)為_(kāi)_____。相反，其他人則認(rèn)為_(kāi)_____。

19. This case has aroused echoes throughout the country with more and more people following its lead, but ideas about it vary widely. Those who criticize/oppose/object to/are against it argue/hold that ______, but people who advocate/support/are for it maintain/assert/claim that ______. 隨著越來(lái)越多的人加入它的行列，這一事件已經(jīng)在全國(guó)引起了巨大反響。然而，人們對(duì)此的觀點(diǎn)卻迥然不同。反對(duì)者認(rèn)為_(kāi)_____，但支持者則宣稱______。

20. People differ in their opinions on ______. Some of them believe that ______, while others deem that .人們對(duì)______持有不同的看法。有些人認(rèn)為_(kāi)_____,而有些人則認(rèn)為_(kāi)_____。

21. Many surveys show that people in increasing numbers are beginning to realize that ______. Meanwhile, many people still live under the traditional idea that ______. 許多調(diào)查顯示，越來(lái)越多的人開(kāi)始意識(shí)到______。同時(shí)，仍有許多人持傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)，認(rèn)為_(kāi)_____。

▌舉例法

所謂舉例法，是指以恰當(dāng)?shù)氖吕齺?lái)佐證自己的觀點(diǎn)，例子應(yīng)該典型、精煉。舉例法常用素材有：

1. From my everyday experience and observation I can list several examples that defend the statement that ______.根據(jù)我的日常經(jīng)驗(yàn)和觀察，我可以舉出幾個(gè)例子來(lái)證明______。

2. There are many instances supporting my opinion. 有許多例子可以證明我的觀點(diǎn)。3. Perhaps the most important example of ______ is ______.有關(guān)______的最重要的例子可能是______。

4. A case in point is ______. 一個(gè)恰當(dāng)?shù)睦邮莀_____。

5. Take ______ for example. 以______為例。

6. This is a concrete example that ______. 這是一個(gè)有關(guān)______的具體例子。

7. Nothing could be more obvious/apparent than the evidence that ______.再?zèng)]有比______更明顯的例子了。

8. I can think of no better illustration of this idea than the example of ______.要說(shuō)明這個(gè)問(wèn)題，______是一個(gè)最好的例子。

9. The latest surveys conducted by ______ show/reveal/demonstrate/indicate that ______. 由______開(kāi)展的最新調(diào)查顯示______。

10. No one can deny the fact that . ______沒(méi)有人可以否認(rèn)______的事實(shí)。

11. Talking about ______, the first thing that may occur to you and me seems to be ______. 說(shuō)到______，我們首先想到的似乎就是______。

12. A common example, which is frequently cited, is ______.一個(gè)被普遍引用的例子是______。

13. Instances of the same sort might be quoted easily, but this will be sufficient to show that ______. 類似的例子不勝枚舉，但這一個(gè)就足以說(shuō)明______。

14. History abounds with the example of ______. 歷史上有許多______方面的例子。