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          備戰(zhàn)高考:高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法重點(diǎn)難點(diǎn)解析歸納

          2022-01-09
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          備戰(zhàn)高考:高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法重點(diǎn)難點(diǎn)解析歸納

          主謂一致??茧y題:

          Fiveminutesisenoughtodothisexercise.

          Eachboyandeachgirlwantstoservethepeopleinfuture.

          Morethanonestudenthasseenthefilm.

          Manyashiphasbeendamagedinthestorm.

          Moremembersthanoneareagainstyourplan.

          一些有兩個(gè)部分構(gòu)成的名詞表示衣物或工具作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式:glasses,clothes,trousers,shoes,compasses,chopsticks,scissors等。

          但如果主語(yǔ)用akindof,apairof,aseriesof等加名詞構(gòu)成時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù)形式。Apairofshoeswasonthedesk.

          并列主語(yǔ)如果指的是同一個(gè)人、同一事物或同一概念時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式,這時(shí)and后面的名詞沒(méi)有冠詞。例如:

          Truthandhonestyisthebestpolicy.

          Thegirl'steacherandfriendisayoungdoctor.

          Toloveandtobelovedisthegreathappiness.

          Goingtobedearlyandgettingupearlyisagoodhabit.

          Aknifeandforkisonthetable.

          當(dāng)主語(yǔ)后面跟有aswellas,asmuchas,nolessthan,alongwith,with,like,ratherthan,togetherwith,but,except,besides,including,inadditionto等引導(dǎo)的詞組時(shí),其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)按主語(yǔ)的單、復(fù)數(shù)而定。例如:

          Theteacheraswellasthestudentswasexcited.

          Theroomwithitsfurniturewasrented.

          Anumberof修飾可數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)名詞,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù);agreatdealof,alargeamountof修飾不可數(shù)名詞,其短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。

          關(guān)系代詞who,that,which等在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí),其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與句中先行詞的數(shù)一致。例如:

          Thosewhowanttogopleasesignyournameshere.

          Someoftheenergythatisusedbymancomesfromthesun.

          季節(jié)、月份、星期、節(jié)日、假日、一日三餐、學(xué)科名稱,球類、棋類名詞名稱前一般不加冠詞。

          1/2onehalf1/4onequarter

          形容詞的順序:

          系動(dòng)詞be,grow,get,become,feel,appear,prove,seem,look,keep,smell,taste,sound,turn,remain限定詞+數(shù)量形容詞+性狀形容詞+大小、長(zhǎng)短、高低等形體+新舊+顏色+國(guó)藉+材料

          Thosethreebeautifullargesquareoldbrownwoodtable

          某些以a-開首的形容詞例如:afraid,alike,alone,asleep,awake,alive等只能作表語(yǔ),不能作定語(yǔ)。

          某些以-ly結(jié)尾的詞是形容詞而不是副詞:friendly,lively,lovely,lonely,likely,deadly,silly,orderly,timely等。

          1)close接近地closely仔細(xì)地,密切地

          2)free免費(fèi)地freely自由地,無(wú)拘束地

          3)hard努力地hardly幾乎不

          4)late晚,遲lately近來(lái)

          5)most極,非常mostly主要地

          6)wide廣闊地,充分地widely廣泛地

          7)high高h(yuǎn)ighly高度地,非常地

          8)deep深,遲deeply抽象意義的“深”

          9)loud大聲地loudly大聲地

          10)near鄰近nearly幾乎

          bad/ill,badlyworseworstlittlelessleast

          表示一方不及另一方時(shí),用“l(fā)ess+原級(jí)+than”的結(jié)構(gòu)表示:Thisroomislessbeautifulthanthatone.

          表示一方超過(guò)另一方的程度或數(shù)量時(shí),可在比較級(jí)前加表示程度的狀語(yǔ),如:even,alot,abit,alittle,still,much,far,yet,byfar等修飾:Heworksevenharderthanbefore.

          注意:byfar通常用于強(qiáng)調(diào)最高級(jí)。用于比較級(jí)時(shí),一般放在比較級(jí)的后面,如放在前面,應(yīng)在二者中間加"the"。

          Heistallerbyfarthanhisbrother.

          Heisbyfarthetallerofthetwobrothers.

          某些以-or結(jié)尾的形容詞進(jìn)行比較時(shí),用to代替than.superior,junior,senior等。

          HeissuperiortoMrWanginmathematics.

          在比較從句中為了避免重復(fù)通常用that,one代替前面出現(xiàn)的名詞。that指物,one既可指人,也可指物。that可代替可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)和不可數(shù)名詞,而one只能代替可數(shù)名詞。例如:

          Thebookonthetableismoreinterestingthanthatonthedesk.

          Aboxmadeofironisstrongerthanonemadeofwood.

          表示倍數(shù)的比較級(jí)有如下幾種句型:

          AisthreetimesthesizeofB.

          Thenewbuildingisfourtimesthesizeoftheoldone.

          這座新樓是那座舊樓的四倍大。[高三倍]

          AisthreetimesasbigasB.

          AsiaisfourtimesaslargeasEurope.亞洲是歐洲的四倍大。

          AisthreetimesbiggerthanB.

          例如:Yourschoolisthreetimesbiggerthanours.

          你們的學(xué)校比我們的學(xué)校大三倍。

          表示兩倍可以用twice或double.

          表示“最高程度”的形容詞,如excellent,extreme,perfect等,沒(méi)有最高級(jí),也不能用比較級(jí)。

          如果復(fù)數(shù)名詞前有many、few,不可數(shù)名詞前有much、little等表示量的形容詞時(shí),該用so而不用such.如:

          I'vehadsomanyfallsthatI'mblackandblueallover.

          MrWhitegotsolittlemoneyamonththathecouldhardlykeepbodyandsoultogether.

          但little不表示數(shù)量而表示“小”的意思時(shí),仍用such.如:

          Theyaresuchlittlechildrenthatthetheycannotcleanthehousebythemselves.

          6)almost與nearly

          在very,pretty,not后用nearly,不用almost.例如:

          I'mnotnearlyready.

          在any,no,none,never前用almost,不用nearly.例如:

          Ialmostneverseeher.

          need表示“需要”或“必須”,作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí),僅用于否定句或疑問(wèn)句中。在肯定句中一般用must,haveto,oughtto或should代替。例如:

          Youneedn'tcomesoearly.

          NeedIfinishtheworktoday?--Yes,youmust.

          注意:needn'thavedone“表示本來(lái)不必做某事而實(shí)際上做了某事”。例如:Youneedn'thavewaitedforme.

          "shouldhavedone"表示應(yīng)該做到而實(shí)際上沒(méi)有做到。

          Youshouldhavestartedearlier.

          "oughttohavedone"表示過(guò)去應(yīng)做某事而實(shí)際未做。

          Yououghttohavehelpedhim

          書報(bào)的標(biāo)題,小說(shuō)等情節(jié)介紹常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。

          表示感覺,愿望和狀態(tài)的某些動(dòng)詞如have,be,hear,see,like等詞一般不用進(jìn)行時(shí)。

          有些動(dòng)詞形式上是主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu),但表示被動(dòng)的意思。常見的有可和well,easily等副詞連用的不及物動(dòng)詞sell,wash,write,read,clean,cook等。例如:

          Theclothwasheswell.這布很經(jīng)洗。

          Thenewproductsellswell.這新產(chǎn)品很暢銷。

          Thepenwriteswell.這支筆很好寫。

          在動(dòng)詞arrange,command,demand,desire,insist,order,propose,request,require,suggest等后面的賓語(yǔ)從句中用“+動(dòng)詞原形”例如:

          Wesuggestedthatwehaveameeting.

          Weinsistedthattheygowithus.

          Thedoctororderedthatshestayinbedforafewdays.

          Hedemandedthatwestartrightaway.

          作advice,idea,order,demand,plan,proposal,suggestion,request等名詞的表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句,其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣的結(jié)構(gòu)“+動(dòng)詞原形”。例如:WeallagreedtohissuggestionthatwegotoBeijingforsightseeing.

          Myideaisthatwedoexercisesfirst.

          在feel,hear,notice,observe,see,watch,have,let,make等詞后的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)中,不定式不帶to.但是這些句子如果變成被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),就必須帶to.例如:Ioftenhearhimsingthesong.

          Heisoftenheardtosingthesong.

          注意:不定式動(dòng)詞在介詞but,except,besides后面時(shí),如果這些介詞之前有行為動(dòng)詞do的各種形式,那么,這些介詞后的不定式不帶to,否則要帶to.如:

          Shecoulddonothingbutcry.

          Whatdoyouliketodobesidesswim?

          Ihavenochoicebuttogo.

          作定語(yǔ)的不定式如果是不及物動(dòng)詞,或者不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動(dòng)作的地點(diǎn)、工具等,不定式后面須有相應(yīng)的介詞。例如:Heislookingforaroomtolivein.

          Thereisnothingtoworryabout.

          Pleasegivemeaknifetocutwith.

          There/Itisnouse/good/notanyuse/good/uselessdoingsth.

          動(dòng)詞后可以用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ),但不能用不定式:

          admit,appreciate,avoid,consider,delay,enjoy,escape,excuse,feellike,finish,forgive,giveup,imagine,include,keep,mention,mind,miss,practise,putoff,resist,risk,suggest,can'thelp,can'tstand等。

          Itriednottogothere.

          Itrieddoingitagain.]

          meantodo有意……meandoing意味著……

          Imeantocomeearlytoday.

          Missingthetrainmeanswaitingforanotherhour.

          allow,advise,forbid,permit

          Wedon'tallowsmokinghere.Wedon'tallowstudentstosmoke.

          動(dòng)詞need,require,want作“需要”解,其后跟動(dòng)詞作它的賓語(yǔ)時(shí),若表示的含義是被動(dòng)的,必須用動(dòng)名詞,或不定式的被動(dòng)式。例如:

          Thewindowneedscleaning.

          在短語(yǔ)devoteto,lookforwardto,payattentionto,stickto,beusedto,objectto,thankyoufor,excusemefor等后的動(dòng)詞也必須用動(dòng)名詞形式:Ilookforwardtohearingfromyousoon.

          Badlypolluted,thewatercannotbedrunk.

          Beingwritteninhaste,thecompositionisfullofmistakes.

          Havingbeendesertedbyhisguide,hecouldn'tfindhiswaythroughthejungle.

          Askedtostay,Icouldn'tverywellrefuse.

          這里asked可能意味著havingbeenasked,也可能意味著when/sinceIwasasked,但用了havingbeenasked就不會(huì)有歧義。

          下面句中過(guò)去分詞表示的時(shí)間與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的時(shí)間相同,所以不能代之以強(qiáng)調(diào)先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞完成被動(dòng)式。例如:

          Coveredwithconfusion,Ilefttheroom.我很窘地離開了房間。

          United,westand;divided,wefall.團(tuán)結(jié)則存,分裂則亡。

          HeusedtoliveinLondon,usen'the/didn'the?

          Thereusedtobeacinemaherebeforethewar,usen'tthere/didn'tthere?

          Suchthingsoughtnottobeallowed,oughtthey?

          Heoughttobepunished,oughtn'the?

          但在正式文體中,用oughtwenot形式。例如:

          Weoughttogo,oughtwenot?或Weoughttogo,shouldwenot?

          含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must的句子表示推則,作“想必”解時(shí),疑問(wèn)部分不可用mustn't.若前句強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的推測(cè),疑問(wèn)部分用aren't十主語(yǔ),例如:Youmustbetired,aren'tyou?若陳述部分的must表示“有必要”時(shí),附加疑問(wèn)句部分則用needn't.例如:Youmustgohomerightnow,needn'tyou?

          當(dāng)mustn't表示禁止時(shí),附加疑問(wèn)部分一般用must.如:

          Youmustn'twalkongrass,mustyou?

          前句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是musthave+過(guò)去分詞時(shí),若前句強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)過(guò)去情況的推測(cè),疑問(wèn)部分的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用didn't+主語(yǔ);若前句強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的完成,疑問(wèn)部分的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用haven't+主語(yǔ),例如:

          Hemusthavemetheryesterday,didn'the?

          Youmusthaveseenthefilm,haven'tyou?

          陳述句謂語(yǔ)部分出現(xiàn)否定詞綴時(shí),疑問(wèn)部分仍用否定結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:Heisunfitforhisoffice,isn'the?

          如果陳述部分包含有no,never,hardly,seldom,few,little,nowhere,nothing等否定或半否定詞時(shí),疑問(wèn)部分用肯定形式。例如:Heishardly14yearsold,ishe?

          如果陳述部分的主語(yǔ)為everyone,someone,noone等不定代詞,其疑問(wèn)部分的主語(yǔ)可用he,也可用they.

          Everyoneknowshisjob,doesn'the?

          Everyoneknowstheirjob,don'tthey?

          Noonewashurt,werethey?

          I'mlate,aren'tI?

          Onecan'tbetoocareful,canone?

          Haveacupoftea,willyou?

          Let'sgothere,shallwe?Letusgothere,willyou?

          同位語(yǔ)從句跟在名詞后面,進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明該名詞的具體內(nèi)容。引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句的名詞主要有fact,news,promise,idea,truth等。連接詞用that及連接副詞how,when,where,why等。例如:

          Hisdelayisduetothefactthatthecarwentwronghalfway.

          Thenewsthatourteamhaswonthematchistrue.

          Sheaskedthereasonwhytherewasadelay.

          關(guān)聯(lián)詞只能用whether不能用if表示“是否”的情況如下:

          A)在表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句中。例如:

          Thequestioniswhetherthefilmisworthseeing.

          Thenewswhetherourteamhaswonthematchisunknown.

          B)在主語(yǔ)從句中,只有用it作形式主語(yǔ)時(shí),whether和if都能引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句,否則,也只能用whether.例如:

          Whetherweshallattendthemeetinghasn'tbeendecidedyet.

          Ithasn'tbeendecidedwhetherweshallattendthemeeting.

          C)在介詞之后。例如:

          Italldependswhethertheywillsupportus.

          D)后面直接跟動(dòng)詞不定式時(shí)。

          Hedoesn'tknowwhethertostayornot.

          E)后面緊接ornot時(shí)。

          Wedidn'tknowwhetherornotshewasready.

          F)引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句,只能用whether.

          Whetheryoulikeitornot,youmustdoitwell.

          G)用if會(huì)引起歧義時(shí)。例如:Pleaseletmeknowifyoulikeit.

          該句有兩個(gè)意思:“請(qǐng)告訴我你是否喜歡”。

          或“如果你喜歡,請(qǐng)告訴我。”用了whether就可以避免。

          在下面幾種情況下必須用"that"引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句:

          1)先行詞是不定代詞:all,few,little,much,something,nothing,anything等。Allthatwehavetodoistopractiseeveryday.

          2)先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)所修飾。

          ThefirstlessonthatIlearnedwillneverbeforgotten.

          3)先行詞被all,any,every,each,few,little,no,some,等修飾。

          Ihavereadallthebookyougaveme.

          4)先行詞被theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast修飾時(shí)。

          HeistheonlypersonthatIwanttotalkto.

          5)先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)。Theytalkedofthingsandpersonsthattheyrememberedintheschool.

          先行詞是表示地點(diǎn)時(shí),要根據(jù)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是及物的還是不及物的。如果是及物的就用that,否則用where.

          Thisisthehousewherehelivedlastyear.

          Thisisthehousethathevisitedlastyear.

          用nosooner…than和hardly…when引導(dǎo)的從句表示“剛……就……”。主句中的動(dòng)詞一般用過(guò)去完成時(shí),從句用過(guò)去時(shí);而且主句一般倒裝,把助動(dòng)詞had提到前面。例如:HardlyhadIenteredtheroomwhenIheardaloudnoise.

          代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),主謂語(yǔ)序不變。Hereitis.Herehecomes.

          當(dāng)句首狀語(yǔ)為表示地點(diǎn)的介詞詞組時(shí)也常常引起全部倒裝。

          Southofthecityliesabigsteelfactory.

          Fromthevalleycameafrighteningsound.

          表語(yǔ)置于句首時(shí),倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)為“表語(yǔ)+連系動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)”。

          PresentatthemeetingwereProfessorWhite,ProfessorSmithandmanyotherguests.

          GonearethedayswhentheycoulddowhattheylikedtotheChinesepeople.

          AmongthegoodsareChristmastrees,flowers,candlesandtoys.

          HehasbeentoBeijing.SohaveI.

          LiWeican'tanswerthequestion.NeithercanI.

          部分倒裝

          用于省略if的虛擬條件狀語(yǔ)從句。Hadyoureviewedyourlessons,youmighthavepassedtheexamination.

          3.用于“形容詞+as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中。例如:Prettyassheis,sheisnotclever.

          Tryashewould,hemightfailagain.

          如果從句的表語(yǔ)是名詞,其名詞前不加任何冠詞。

          Childashewas,hehadtomakealiving.

          用于nosooner…than…,hardly…when和notuntil的句型中。Notuntiltheteachercamedidhefinishhishomework.

          用于never,hardly,seldom,scarcely,barely,little,often,atnotime,notonly,notonce等詞開頭的句子。

          NevershallIdothisagain.

          Littledidheknowwhothewomanwas.

          6.用于以only開頭的句子。OnlythisafternoondidIfinishthenovel.

          OnlyinthiswaycanyoumasterEnglish.

          OnlywhenhetoldmedidIrealizewhattroublehewasin.

          如果only后面的詞組不是狀語(yǔ),則不用倒裝。

          OnlyWangLingknowsthis.

          用于某些表示祝愿的句子。Mayyousucceed!祝你成功!

          stomach-stomachs,aGerman-threeGermans,

          anAmerican-twoAmericans,mancook-mencooks;

          papers報(bào)紙,文件manners禮貌drinks飲料

          inaword簡(jiǎn)言之?inotherwords換句話說(shuō)

          havewordswith與某人吵嘴

          haveafewwordswithsb.與某人說(shuō)幾句話

          Thecrowdwererunningfortheirlives.

          某些集體名詞,如people,police,cattle等,只當(dāng)復(fù)數(shù)看待,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須用復(fù)數(shù)。Thepolicearesearchingforhim.

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